zulip/api_docs/construct-narrow.md

Construct a narrow

A narrow is a set of filters for Zulip messages, that can be based on many different factors (like sender, channel, topic, search keywords, etc.). Narrows are used in various places in the Zulip API (most importantly, in the API for fetching messages).

It is simplest to explain the algorithm for encoding a search as a narrow using a single example. Consider the following search query (written as it would be entered in the Zulip web app's search box). It filters for messages sent to channel announce, not sent by iago@zulip.com, and containing the words cool and sunglasses:

channel:announce -sender:iago@zulip.com cool sunglasses

This query would be JSON-encoded for use in the Zulip API using JSON as a list of simple objects, as follows:

[
    {
        "operator": "channel",
        "operand": "announce"
    },
    {
        "operator": "sender",
        "operand": "iago@zulip.com",
        "negated": true
    },
    {
        "operator": "search",
        "operand": "cool sunglasses"
    }
]

The Zulip help center article on searching for messages documents the majority of the search/narrow options supported by the Zulip API.

Note that many narrows, including all that lack a channel or channels operator, search the current user's personal message history. See searching shared history for details.

Clients should note that the is:unread filter takes advantage of the fact that there is a database index for unread messages, which can be an important optimization when fetching messages in certain cases (e.g. when adding the read flag to a user's personal messages).

Changes: In Zulip 9.0 (feature level 250), support was added for two filters related to channel messages: channel and channels. The channel operator is an alias for the stream operator. The channels operator is an alias for the streams operator. Both channel and channels return the same exact results as stream and streams respectively.

In Zulip 9.0 (feature level 249), support was added for a new filter, has:reaction, which returns messages that have at least one emoji reaction.

In Zulip 7.0 (feature level 177), support was added for three filters related to direct messages: is:dm, dm and dm-including. The dm operator replaced and deprecated the pm-with operator. The is:dm filter replaced and deprecated the is:private filter. The dm-including operator replaced and deprecated the group-pm-with operator.

The dm-including and group-pm-with operators return slightly different results. For example, dm-including:1234 returns all direct messages (1-on-1 and group) that include the current user and the user with the unique user ID of 1234. On the other hand, group-pm-with:1234 returned only group direct messages that included the current user and the user with the unique user ID of 1234.

Both dm and is:dm are aliases of pm-with and is:private respectively, and return the same exact results that the deprecated filters did.

Narrows that use IDs

Message IDs

The near and id operators, documented in the help center, use message IDs for their operands.

• near:12345: Search messages around the message with ID 12345.
• id:12345: Search for only message with ID 12345.

The message ID operand for the id operator may be encoded as either a number or a string. The message ID operand for the near operator must be encoded as a string.

Changes: Prior to Zulip 8.0 (feature level 194), the message ID operand for the id operator needed to be encoded as a string.

[
    {
        "operator": "id",
        "operand": 12345
    }
]

Channel and user IDs

There are a few additional narrow/search options (new in Zulip 2.1) that use either channel IDs or user IDs that are not documented in the help center because they are primarily useful to API clients:

• channel:1234: Search messages sent to the channel with ID 1234.
• sender:1234: Search messages sent by user ID 1234.
• dm:1234: Search the direct message conversation between you and user ID 1234.
• dm:1234,5678: Search the direct message conversation between you, user ID 1234, and user ID 5678.
• dm-including:1234: Search all direct messages (1-on-1 and group) that include you and user ID 1234.

!!! tip ""

A user ID can be found by [viewing a user's profile][view-profile]
in the web or desktop apps. A channel ID can be found when [browsing
channels][browse-channels] in the web or desktop apps.

The operands for these search options must be encoded either as an integer ID or a JSON list of integer IDs. For example, to query messages sent by a user 1234 to a direct message thread with yourself, user 1234, and user 5678, the correct JSON-encoded query is:

[
    {
        "operator": "dm",
        "operand": [1234, 5678]
    },
    {
        "operator": "sender",
        "operand": 1234
    }
]