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Construct a narrow

A narrow is a set of filters for Zulip messages, that can be based on many different factors (like sender, channel, topic, search keywords, etc.). Narrows are used in various places in the Zulip API (most importantly, in the API for fetching messages).

It is simplest to explain the algorithm for encoding a search as a narrow using a single example. Consider the following search query (written as it would be entered in the Zulip web app's search box). It filters for messages sent to channel announce, not sent by iago@zulip.com, and containing the words cool and sunglasses:

channel:announce -sender:iago@zulip.com cool sunglasses

This query would be JSON-encoded for use in the Zulip API using JSON as a list of simple objects, as follows:

[
    {
        "operator": "channel",
        "operand": "announce"
    },
    {
        "operator": "sender",
        "operand": "iago@zulip.com",
        "negated": true
    },
    {
        "operator": "search",
        "operand": "cool sunglasses"
    }
]

The Zulip help center article on searching for messages documents the majority of the search/narrow options supported by the Zulip API.

Note that many narrows, including all that lack a channel or channels operator, search the current user's personal message history. See searching shared history for details.

Clients should note that the is:unread filter takes advantage of the fact that there is a database index for unread messages, which can be an important optimization when fetching messages in certain cases (e.g., when adding the read flag to a user's personal messages).

Changes

In Zulip 9.0 (feature level 271), support was added for a new filter operator, with, which uses a message ID for its operand, and is designed for creating permanent links to topics.
In Zulip 9.0 (feature level 265), support was added for a new is:followed filter, matching messages in topics that the current user is following.
In Zulip 9.0 (feature level 250), support was added for two filters related to stream messages: channel and channels. The channel operator is an alias for the stream operator. The channels operator is an alias for the streams operator. Both channel and channels return the same exact results as stream and streams respectively.
In Zulip 9.0 (feature level 249), support was added for a new filter, has:reaction, which returns messages that have at least one emoji reaction.
In Zulip 7.0 (feature level 177), support was added for three filters related to direct messages: is:dm, dm and dm-including. The dm operator replaced and deprecated the pm-with operator. The is:dm filter replaced and deprecated the is:private filter. The dm-including operator replaced and deprecated the group-pm-with operator.
- The dm-including and group-pm-with operators return slightly different results. For example, dm-including:1234 returns all direct messages (1-on-1 and group) that include the current user and the user with the unique user ID of 1234. On the other hand, group-pm-with:1234 returned only group direct messages that included the current user and the user with the unique user ID of 1234.
- Both dm and is:dm are aliases of pm-with and is:private respectively, and return the same exact results that the deprecated filters did.

Narrows that use IDs

Message IDs

The id and with operators use message IDs for their operands. The message ID operand for these two operators may be encoded as either a number or a string.

id:12345: Search for only the message with ID 12345.
with:12345: Search for the conversation that contains the message with ID 12345.

The id operator returns the message with the specified ID if it exists, and if it can be accessed by the user.

The with operator is designed to be used for permanent links to topics, which means they should continue to work when the topic is moved or resolved. If the message with the specified ID exists, and can be accessed by the user, then it will return messages with the channel/topic/dm operators corresponding to the current conversation containing that message, and replacing any such filters included in the narrow.

The help center also documents the near operator for searching for messages by ID, but this narrow operator has no effect on filtering messages when sent to the server. In practice, when the near operator is used to search for messages, or is part of a URL fragment, the value of its operand should instead be used for the value of the anchor parameter in endpoints that also accept a narrow parameter; see GET /messages and POST /messages/flags/narrow.

Changes: Prior to Zulip 8.0 (feature level 194), the message ID operand for the id operator needed to be encoded as a string.

[
    {
        "operator": "id",
        "operand": 12345
    }
]

Channel and user IDs

There are a few additional narrow/search options (new in Zulip 2.1) that use either channel IDs or user IDs that are not documented in the help center because they are primarily useful to API clients:

channel:1234: Search messages sent to the channel with ID 1234.
sender:1234: Search messages sent by user ID 1234.
dm:1234: Search the direct message conversation between you and user ID 1234.
dm:1234,5678: Search the direct message conversation between you, user ID 1234, and user ID 5678.
dm-including:1234: Search all direct messages (1-on-1 and group) that include you and user ID 1234.

!!! tip ""

A user ID can be found by [viewing a user's profile][view-profile]
in the web or desktop apps. A channel ID can be found when [browsing
channels][browse-channels] in the web or desktop apps.

The operands for these search options must be encoded either as an integer ID or a JSON list of integer IDs. For example, to query messages sent by a user 1234 to a direct message thread with yourself, user 1234, and user 5678, the correct JSON-encoded query is:

[
    {
        "operator": "dm",
        "operand": [1234, 5678]
    },
    {
        "operator": "sender",
        "operand": 1234
    }
]

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