This moves the function which computes can_push and
expected_end_timestamp outside RemoteRealmBillingSession
because we might use this function for RemoteZulipServer
as well and also renames it.
For remote servers, we cannot advertise `List-Unsubscribe=One-Click`,
which is specified in RFC 8058[^1] to mean that the `List-Unsubscribe`
URL supports a POST request with no arguments to unsubscribe. Because
we show an interstitial and confirmation page, as this is not just a
mailing list which is disabled if you click the link, it does not
support the mail system performing the unsubscribe for the user.
Remove the inaccurate header for remote servers.
[^1]: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8058
612f2c73d6 started passing add_context to
`send_custom_server_email`, but did not make it make use of it.
Also add the `hostname` as a built-in value, since that is most likely
the most useful property.
This fixes the exception case on the initial
`/api/v1/remotes/server/analytics/status` case. Other exceptions from
`send_to_push_bouncer` are allowed to escape.
Co-authored-by: Alex Vandiver <alexmv@zulip.com>
Previously, passing a url longer than 200 characters for
jitsi_server_url caused a low-level failure at DB level. This
commit adds this restriction at API level.
Fixes part of #27355.
While the query parameter is properly excaped when inlined into the
template (and thus is not an XSS), it can still produce content which
misleads the user via carefully-crafted query parameter.
Validate that the parameter looks like an email address.
Thanks to jinjo2 for reporting this, via HackerOne.
We previously used get_accessible_user_ids to check whether the
sender can access all DM recipients, which was not efficient as
it queries the Message table. This commit updates the code to
make sure we use get_inaccessible_user_ids which is much more
efficient as it limits the queries to only DM recipients and
also queries the Message table only if needed.
This can still be optimized further as mentioned in #27835 but
this commit is a nice first step.
Saying `**options: str` is a lie, since it contains bools. We pluck
out the two bools that we need properly typed because we will be
pushing them into function calls, and type them explicitly as bools.
As premonitioned in c741c527d7, it is
indeed possible for `get_handler_by_id` to error out by cause the
handler has been unset elsewhere.
Protect the callsites of `get_handler_by_id` to be able to gracefully
handle when the handler has already done away.
This fixes a bug introduced in
6f93ab72c0 where deactivating a realm
would fail with an exception that sessions cannot be cleared inside
database transactions.
If the exception was because the channel closed, attempting to NAK the
events will just raise another error, and is pointless, as the server
already marked the pending events as NAK'd.
4af00f61a8 claimed that `on_finish` and
`on_connection_close` were mutually exclusive. In cases where a
`DELETE` is called on the queue while a longpoll is in progress, this
can cause _both_ to happen:
- The `DELETE` pushes a `cleanup_queue` event, which triggers
`finish_handler` to begin pushing out an empty event response to the
longpoll connection.
- In the midst of that, in an `await`, the longpoll connection drops,
and `on_connection_close` clears the handler.
- The `await` resumes, calls `finish`, and attempts to clear the
handler.
The easiest solution is to make `clear_handler_by_id` tolerant to
multiple attempts to clear it. Since these processes run in parallel,
it means that parts may have a `handler_id` but `get_handler_by_id`
may error in attempting to look it up. We have not observed this in
testing, and I cannot currently prove it is impossible.
This ensures determinism in these tests doing mock_send.assert_called
with - avoids producing test flakes due to a different order of
retrieval of these objects from the database.
- The server sends the list of registrations it believes to have with
the bouncer.
- The bouncer includes in the response the registrations that it doesn't
actually have and therefore the server should delete.
This commit creates a RealmAuditlog entry with a new event_type
'RealmAuditLog.REALM_IMPORTED' after the realm is reactivated.
It contains user count data (using realm_user_count_by_role)
stored in extra_data.
This helps to have an accurate user count data for the billing
system if someone tries to signup just after doing an import.
This partially reverts 579bdc18f85ea8599c8cf1f53ddb02fd41d97993; it
assumed (based on its documentation) that `on_finish` was called for
all requests, even client-terminated ones. This is not accurate; it
is only called when the request calls `finish`, which only happens for
successful requests. This caused every client-closed connection to
leak a handler (ironically, exactly re-introducing the bug previously
fixed in 12a5a3a6e1).
This behaviour was obscured by the development environment's proxy;
see comment added in the previous commit.
Instead of replacing the `clear_handler_by_id` call into
`ClientDescriptor.disconnect_handler`, we instead place it on
`AsyncDjangoHandler.on_connection_close`. This is more correct for
a few reasons:
- `on_connection_close` will be called if the client goes away during
a request without a client descriptor. If the handler garbage
collection of handlers runs inside the ClientDescriptor, we leak
handlers.
- `disconnect_handler` also runs when successfully sending an event,
which already calls `on_finish`. We avoid double-calling
`clear_handler_by_id` by doing it in two clearly exclusive cases,
`on_finish` and `on_connection_close`.
- It combines the creation and garbage collection logic into one
file, decreasing action at a distance which causes memory leaks.
We call 'send_server_data_to_push_bouncer' just after registering
server for push notification.
This helps to have a current state of the user counts when first
logging in after the RemoteRealm flow.
Actions that change the number of user counts adds a deferred_work
queue processor job immediately update the billing service about your
change.
This helps to avoid having users see stale state for how many
users they have when trying to pay.
This is a rename of the previous
enqueue_register_realm_with_push_bouncer_if_needed but is clearer
about the fact that this will also upload audit logs if available.
Given that most of the use cases for realms-only code path would
really like to upload audit logs too, and the others would likely
produce a better user experience if they upoaded audit logs, we
should just have a single main code path here i.e.
'send_analytics_to_push_bouncer'.
We still only upload usage statistics according to documented
option, and only from the analytics cron job.
The error handling takes place in 'send_analytics_to_push_bouncer'
itself.
This is the only operating editing audit logs not already using a
transaction, and having it do so will simplify an upcoming interface
to be able to assume it is always inside a transaction.
Earlier, it was passing tests because the deffered_work queue
that calls send_realms_only_to_push_bouncer didn't update the
realms propery based on response received from bouncer.
This prep commit removes the invalid "dummy-uuid" used, as any
call to send_realms_only_to_push_bouncer will update realms
properties too.
We return an empty realms array as the realm is created midway in
do_create_realm, so the uuid is not already available. Also, our
intent here is not to verify the behaviour of the
send_realms_only_to_push_bouncer function because we'll have
separate tests for that. Here, we verify that deffered_work event
was sent and eventually it made call to send_to_push_bouncer
with appropriate data.
I accidentally free trials for both cloud and self hosted
enabled while testing, hence didn't catch it.
This mostly involves fixing `is_free_trial_offer_enabled` to
return the correct value and providing it the correct input.
When a self-hosted Zulip server does a data export and then import
process into a different hosting environment (i.e. not sharing the
RemoteZulipServer with the original, we'll have various things that
fail where we look up the RemoteRealm by UUID and find it but the
RemoteZulipServer it is associated with is the wrong one.
Right now, we ask user to contact support via an error page but
might develop UI to help user do the migration directly.
This commit adds code to not include original details of senders like
name, email and avatar url in the message objects sent through events
and in the response of endpoint used to fetch messages.
This is the last major commit for the project to add support for
limiting guest access to an entire organization.
Fixes#10970.
initialize() is called on every request, and stored the
`RequestHandler` (and thus `HTTPServerRequest`) in a global shared
dict. However, the object is only removed from that structure if the
request was successful. This means that failed requests (such as 405
Method Not Allowed) leaked `RequestHandler`s and
`HTTPServerRequest`s.
Move the cleanup to `on_finish`, which is called at the close of all
requests, async and not, successful or not.
These are not part of the API, and lead to moderately confusing
behaviour -- they block (or not) requested, but of course send no
actual data in the body.
This commit sets the client capability value to not pass
unknown users data in the webapp and also does some changes
to avoid errors while loading the web-app home page.
This commit only does some basic webapp changes to not show
inaccessible users in sidebar and we would need need more
changes to make the web-app work as expected which will be
done in further commits.
Adds `user.realm.string_id` as the realm name to the base payload
for notifications. Uses this realm name in the body of the alert
in the `apns_data`.
Changes the event string from "test-by-device-token" to "test".
Fixes#28075.
Earlier, the event sent when an onboarding step (hotspot till now)
is marked as read generated an event with type='hotspots' and
'hotspots' named array in it.
This commit renames the type to 'onboarding_steps' and the array
to 'onboarding_steps' to reflect the fact that it'll also contain
data for elements other than hotspots.
This commit adds a 'type' field to the objects
in 'hotspots' array sent in 'hotspots' events.
We have explicitly added this field as we eventually
plan to have two type of onboarding steps, 'hotspots'
and 'one_time_notice'.
This will help clients to easily identify them.
This commit adds a new endpoint 'users/me/onboarding_steps'
deprecating the older 'users/me/hotspots' to mark hotspot as read.
We also renamed the view `mark_hotspot_as_read` to
`mark_onboarding_step_as_read`.
Reason: Our plan is to make this endpoint flexible to support
other types of UI elements not just restricted to hotspots.
This prep commit moves the 'rename_indexes_constraints'
function to 'lib/migrate' as we're going to re-use it for
the 'UserHotspot' to 'OnboardingStep' table rename operation.
In general, this function would be helpful in migrations
involving table rename operations, subject to the caution
mentioned in the function via comments.
Adds a helper since there are only a few different parameters for
all BillingSession child clases, `build_support_url`.
Also, renames `get_support_url` to more explicitly note that it
is for realms: `get_realm_support_url`.
This commit adds code to include original name, email and avatar
for inaccessible users which can happen when a user sends message
to an unsubscribed stream.
This commit adds code to not allow Zulip Cloud organizations that are not
on the Plus plan to change the "can_access_all_users_group" setting.
Fixes#27877.
We rename "intro_gear" to "intro_personal" because after the menu
was split into help menu, main menu and personal menu, the "Settings"
option now resides inside the personal menu.
Fixes#27878.
1. When we get data and it includes realm info, we should automatically
link the new records with the appropriate RemoteRealm.
2. For old records, when we receive realm data, we have an opportunity
to update those old record to link them to the right RemoteRealm.
This logic doesn't need to always run, just after a remote server
upgrade, since that's when this shift in remote server behavior will
occur.
This commit moves the 'update_license_ledger_if_needed' and its
helper function 'update_license_ledger_for_automanaged_plan'
to the 'BillingSession' abstract class.
This refactoring will help in minimizing duplicate code while
supporting both realm and remote_server customers.
This creates a valid registration, for two reasons:
1. Avoid the need to run "manage.py register_server" in dev env to
register, when wanting to to test stuff with
`PUSH_NOTIFICATION_BOUNCER_URL = "http://localhost:9991"`.
2. Avoid breaking RemoteRealm syncing, due to duplicate registrations
(first set of registrations that gets set up with the dummy
RemoteZulipServer in populate_db, and the second that gets set up via
the regular syncing mechanism with the new RemoteZulipServer created
during register_server).
This is a prep commit to return, for each remote realm, the 'uuid',
'can_push', and 'expected_end_timestamp'.
This data will be used in 'initialize_push_notifications'.
The "send_invoice" and "charge_automatically" strings used by stripe
for the `collection_method` are referred to both as the "billing
method" and "billing modality" in the billing code.
Because we send this as data to stripe as either `collection_method`
or `billing_modality`, renames any references that are any form of
"billing method".
Implements a nice redirect flow to give a good UX for users attempting
to access a remote billing page with an expired RemoteRealm session e.g.
/realm/some-uuid/sponsorship - perhaps through their browser
history or just their session expired while they were doing things in
this billing system.
The logic has a few pieces:
1. get_remote_realm_from_session, if the user doesn't have a
identity_dict will raise RemoteBillingAuthenticationError.
2. If the user has an identity_dict, but it's expired, then
get_identity_dict_from_session inside of get_remote_realm_from_session
will raise RemoteBillingIdentityExpiredError.
3. The decorator authenticated_remote_realm_management_endpoint
catches that exception and uses some general logic, described in more
detail in the comments in the code, to figure out the right URL to
redirect them to. Something like:
https://theirserver.example.com/self-hosted-billing/?next_page=...
where the next_page param is determined based on parsing request.path
to see what kind of endpoint they're trying to access.
4. The remote_server_billing_entry endpoint is tweaked to also send
its uri scheme to the bouncer, so that the bouncer can know whether
to do the redirect on http or https.
This consists of the following pieces:
1. Makes servers using the bouncer send realm_uuid in requests for token
registration. (Sidenote: realm_uuid is already sent in the "send
notification" codepath as of
48db4bf854)
2. This allows the bouncer to tie RemotePushDeviceToken to the
RemoteRealm with matching realm_uuid at registration time.
3. Introduce handling of some potential weird edge cases around the
realm_uuid and RemoteRealm objects in get_remote_realm_helper.
This default setup will be more realistic, matching the ordinary
conditions for a modern server.
Especially needed as we add bouncer code that will expect to have
RemoteRealm entries for realm_uuid values for which it receives
requests.
[squash]: Update sponsorsip and question boxes for Cloud.
[squash]: Update tabs subtitles.
[squash]: Content for info boxes for self-hosted plans.
[squash]: Adjust content to fit design.
portico: Tweak /plans text.
We want to both (a) take a lock on the UserProfile row, and (b)
modify the passed-in UserProfile object, so that callers see the
changes in the object they hold. Unfortunately,
`select_for_update` cannot be combined with `refresh_from_db`
(https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/28344). Call
`select_for_update` and throw away the result, so that we know we have
the lock on the row, then re-fill the `user_profile` object with the
values now that the lock exists.
This reduces the query time by an order of magnitude, since it is able
to switch from a raw `stream_id` index to an index over all of
`realm_id, property, end_time`.
We pass `next` parameter with /self-hosted-billing to redirect
users to the intended page after login.
Fixed realm_uuid incorrectly required in remote_realm_upgrade_page.
These metadata are essentially all publicily available anyway, and
making uploading them unconditional will simplify some things.
The documentation is not quite accurate in that it claims the server
will upload some metadata that is not actually uploaded yet (but will
by soon). This seems harmless.
Currently, the sender names for outgoing emails sent by Zulip
are hardcoded. It should be configurable for self-hosted systems.
This commit makes the 'Zulip' part a variable in the following
email sender names: 'Zulip Account Security', 'Zulip Digest',
and 'Zulip Notifications' by introducing a settings variable
'SERVICE_NAME' with the default value as f"{EXTERNAL_HOST} Zulip".
Fixes: #23857
This prep commit replaces `_` with `ignored` to represent
an unused variable.
In later commits, we are going to use `_` for translation,
which leads to a lint error.
This commit updates get_fake_email_domain to accept realm.host as
argument instead of the Realm object since we only use realm.host
to get the fake email domain.
This is a preparatory commit for the limited guest feature as we
would be sending the fake email of the message sender in message
event object to a guest user who cannot access the sender and
there we would need to compute the fake email.
549dd8a4c4 changed the regex that we build to contain whitespace for
readability, and strip that back out before returning it.
Unfortunately, this also serves to strip out whitespace in the source
linkifier, causing it to not match expected strings.
Revert 549dd8a4c4.
Fixes: #27854.
Adds details about the requested organization URL and type to the
registration confirmation email that's sent when creating a new
Zulip organization.
Fixes#25899.
If the request's `Accept:` header signals a preference for serving
images over text, return an image representing the 404/403 instead of
serving a `text/html` response.
Fixes: #23739.
Previously, we weren't able to mute the cross realm bots. This was
because, for muting the users, we access only those profiles which are
in realm, excluding the cross realm system bots.
This is fixed by replacing the access_user_by_id method with a new
method access_user_by_id_including_cross_realm for this specific test.
Fixes#27823
Earlier, for the push notifications having latex math
like "$$1 \oplus 0 = 1$$, the notification had the math
included multiple times.
This commit fixes the incorrect behavior by replacing
the KaTeX with the raw LaTeX source.
Fixes part of #25289.
This commit refactors the current hotspot subsytem to use a more
robust dataclass `Hotspot` defined in `lib/hotspots.py`. This fixes
mypy errors as well as make code more readable.
This commit introduces non-intro hotspots.
They are a bit different than intro hotspots in the
following ways:
* All the non-intro hotspots are sent at once instead of
sending them one by one like intro hotspots.
* They only activate when a specific event occurs,
unlike intro hotspot where they activate after the
previous hotspot is read.
Now, the topic wildcard mention follows the following
rules:
* If the topic has less than 15 participants , anyone
can use @ topic mentions.
* For more than 15, the org setting 'wildcard_mention_policy'
determines who can use @ topic mentions.
Earlier, topic wildcard mentions followed the same restriction
as stream wildcard mentions, which was incorrect.
Fixes part of #27700.
This commit updates the backend code to allow changing
can_access_all_users_group setting in development environment
and also adds a dropdown in webapp UI which is only shown in
development environment.
This commit moves a major portion of the 'update_plan`
view to a new shared 'BillingSession.do_update_plan' method.
This refactoring will help in minimizing duplicate code
while supporting both realm and remote_server customers.
This makes it possible for a self-hosted realm administrator to
directly access a logged-page on the push notifications bouncer
service, enabling billing, support contacts, and other administrator
for enterprise customers to be managed without manual setup.
has_billing_access already has the is_realm_owner check:
@property
def has_billing_access(self) -> bool:
return self.is_realm_owner or self.is_billing_admin
We previously did not allow setting signup_notifications_stream and
notifications_stream settings to private streams that admin is not
subscribed to, even when admins have access to metadata of all the
streams in the realm and can see them in the dropdown options as well.
This commit fixes it to allow admins to set these settings to private
streams that the admin is not subscribed to.
Previously, the notifications had "commented" as the action word
for every event.
As part of these changes, we extract a shared comment action function
in GitHub Integration that's used for both issue and discussion
comment events.
Instead of adding the assignee to the end of the message body,
we update the message body where the verb is so that the link
formatting at the end of the message is not broken, for example:
"user_a assigned user_b to [issue #XXX title text is here](link)."
This matches the formatting for the issue assigned message body.
Instead of adding the assignee to the end of the message body,
we update the message body where the verb is so that the link
formatting at the end of the message is not broken, for example:
"user_a assigned user_b to [issue #XXX title text is here](link)."
Also updates the issue title in the test fixture so that it tests
that only the first instance of "assigned" or "unassigned" in the
issue title is updated for the assignee text.
Also adds punctuation to the issue title in the test fixture to
test the expected behavior for titles that end in a value from
`string.punctuation`.
We did not remove the objects for deactivated streams from
subscriptions field in apply_event. We need to do this because
we do not send "subscription/remove" events to subscribers
when deactivating streams.
Guests might lose access to deactivated users if the user
is not involved in any DM with guest. This commit adds
code to send "realm_user/remove" events for such cases.
We now send user creation events to recipient users
when sending DMs if recipients gain access to either
sender or other pariticpating users in the DM.
This commit adds code to send "realm_user/remove" event
when a guest user loses access to a user due to the user
being unsubscribed from one or more streams.
This commit adds code to send user creation events to
guests who gain access to new subscribers and to the
new guest subscribers who gain access to existing
stream subscribers.
The presence and user status update events are only sent to accessible
users, i.e. guests do not receive presence and user status updates for
users they cannot access.
This commit adds code to make sure that update events for changing
a user's role, email, etc. are not sent to guests who cannot access
the modified user.
We do not send the original user data in user creation events
to guests if user access is restricted in realm, as they would
receive the information about user if user is subscribed to some
common streams after account creation.
This commit adds code to update access_user_by_id to raise
error if guest tries to access an inaccessible user.
One notable behavioral change due to this is that we do
not allow guest to mute or unmute a deactivated user if
that user was not involved in DMs.
Pull request comment alerts were previously sent to a topic for an issue,
which resulted in two different topics for the same PR.
Fixes: #26086.
Co-authored-by: Lauryn Menard <lauryn@zulip.com>
Updated the repo name and pull request number/title for the new
pull request commit fixture to be the same as the one used for the
other pull request test fixtures (e.g. pull_request__opened) so
that the TOPIC_PR can be used in the subsequent updates.
Co-authored-by: Lauryn Menard <lauryn@zulip.com>
This may happen if there are multiple servers with the same UUID
submitting data (e.g. if they were cloned after initial creation), or
if there is one server, but `./manage.py clear_analytics_tables` was
used to truncate the analytics tables.
In the case of `clear_analytics_tables`, the data submitted likely has
identical historical values with new remote `id` values; preserving
the originally-submitted contemporaneous data is the best option. For
the case of submissions from multiple servers, there is no completely
sensible outcome, so the best we can do is detect the case and move
on.
Since we have a lock on the RemoteZulipServer, we know that no other
inserts are happening, so counting before and after will return the
true number of rows inserted (which `bulk_create` cannot do in the
face of `ignore_conflicts`[^1]). We compare this to the expected
number of new inserted rows to detect dropped duplicates.
[^1]: See https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/30138.
This reduces the giant load spike at 5 minute past the hour, when all
remote servers currently attempt to submit their records.
We do not wish to slew over a full hour, because we want to ensure
that we do not hold the lock when the next hour's analytics runs. It
is also not necessary to have that much variation; 10 minutes is
picked as an arbitrary "long enough" time to spread requests over.
Earlier, for the emails having latex math like
"$$d^* = +\infty$$", the bad rendering led to the math
being included multiple times in the email body.
This was due to displaying KaTeX HTML without the CSS.
This commit fixes the incorrect behavior by replacing
the KaTeX with the raw LaTex source.
Fixes part of #25289.
This is a useful helper using the same API as
send_analytics_to_push_bouncer(), but uploading only realms info. This
is useful to upload realms info without the risk of taking a long time
to process the request due to too much of the *Count analytics data.
The original behavior of this setting was to disable LDAP
authentication for any realms not configured to use it. This was an
arbitrary choice, and its only value was to potentially help catch
typos for users who are lazy about testing their configuration.
Since it makes it a very inconvenient to potentially host multiple
organizations with different LDAP configurations, remove that
behavior.
This commit adds a new option 'DMs, mentions, and followed topics'
to 'desktop_icon_count_display' setting.
The total unread count of DMs, mentions, and followed topics appears
in desktop sidebar and browser tab when this option is configured.
Some existing options are relabeled and renumbered. We finally have:
* All unread messages
* DMs, mentions, and followed topics
* DMs and mentions
* None
Fixes#27503.
While the server implementation has accepted this value for a few
months as part of building the feature, following topics was not a
fully supported feature of the Zulip server before
3f2ab44f94, just before feature
level 219.
So that's probably the correct level to document as the first feature
level at which we recommend that clients supporting the followed
topics feature process the value.
These new models are incomplete and totally untested, but merging this
will provide valuable scaffolding for doing smaller PRs working on
individual gaps, and reveals a clear set of TODOs/refactoring/model
changes needed to support where want to end up.
Co-authored-by: Tim Abbott <tabbott@zulip.com>
These were written before the draft endpoints were converted to use
@typed_endpoint and pydantic-based DraftData(BaseModel) for param
validation. Update them to avoid the confusion of talking about dicts
and dict_validator functions when those are no longer a thing.
This reverts commit 091e2f177b.
This version of python_to_js_linkifier fails for at least some real
linkifiers. We'll likely re-introduce this after a bit more debugging.
This makes it possible to send notifications to more than one app ID
from the same server: for example, the main Zulip mobile app and the
new Flutter-based app, which has a separate app ID for use through its
beta period so that it can be installed alongside the existing app.
This commit adds code to send stream deletion events when
unsubscribing non-admin users from private streams and
when unsubscribing guests from public streams since
non-admins cannot access unsubscribed private streams
and guests cannot access unsubscribed public streams.
It was discovered by the Zulip development team that active users who
had previously been subscribed to a stream incorrectly continued being
able to use the Zulip API to access metadata for that stream. As a
result, users who had been removed from a stream, but still had an
account in the organization, could still view metadata for that
stream (including the stream name, description, settings, and an email
address used to send emails into the stream via the incoming email
integration). This potentially allowed users to see changes to a
stream’s metadata after they had lost access to the stream.
This bug was present in all Zulip releases prior to today's Zulip
Server 7.5.
This commit adds new API endpoint to get stream email which is
used by the web-app as well to get the email when a user tries
to open the stream email modal.
The stream email is returned only to the users who have access
to it. Specifically for private streams only subscribed users
have access to its email. And for public streams, all non-guest
users and only subscribed guests have access to its email.
All users can access email of web-public streams.
This commit removes "email_address" field from Subscription objects
and we would instead a new endpoint in next commit to get email
address for stream with proper access check.
This change also fixes the bug where we would include email address
for the unsubscribed private stream as well when user did not have
permission to send message to the stream, and having email allowed
the unsubscribed user to send message to the stream.
Note that the unsubscribed user can still send message to the stream
if the user had noted down the email before being unsubscribed
and the stream token is not changed after unsubscribing the user.