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klipper-dgus/docs/Code_Overview.md

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This document describes the overall code layout and major code flow of Klipper.

Directory Layout

The src/ directory contains the C source for the micro-controller code. The src/avr/ directory contains specific code for Atmel ATmega micro-controllers. The src/sam3x8e/ directory contains code specific to the Arduino Due style ARM micro-controllers. The src/simulator/ contains code stubs that allow the micro-controller to be test compiled on other architectures. The src/generic/ directory contains helper code that may be useful across different host architectures. The build arranges for includes of "board/somefile.h" to first look in the current architecture directory (eg, src/avr/somefile.h) and then in the generic directory (eg, src/generic/somefile.h).

The klippy/ directory contains the C and Python source for the host part of the firmware.

The lib/ directory contains external 3rd-party library code that is necessary to build some targets.

The config/ directory contains example printer configuration files.

The scripts/ directory contains build-time scripts useful for compiling the micro-controller code.

During compilation, the build may create an out/ directory. This contains temporary build time objects. The final micro-controller object that is built is out/klipper.elf.hex on AVR and out/klipper.bin on ARM.

Micro-controller code flow

Execution of the micro-controller code starts in architecture specific code (eg, src/avr/main.c) which ultimately calls sched_main() located in src/sched.c. The sched_main() code starts by running all functions that have been tagged with the DECL_INIT() macro. It then goes on to repeatedly run all functions tagged with the DECL_TASK() macro.

One of the main task functions is command_task() located in src/command.c. This function processes incoming serial commands and runs the associated command function for them. Command functions are declared using the DECL_COMMAND() macro.

Task, init, and command functions always run with interrupts enabled (however, they can temporarily disable interrupts if needed). These functions should never pause, delay, or do any work that lasts more than a few micro-seconds. These functions schedule work at specific times by scheduling timers.

Timer functions are scheduled by calling sched_add_timer() (located in src/sched.c). The scheduler code will arrange for the given function to be called at the requested clock time. Timer interrupts are initially handled in an architecture specific interrupt handler (eg, src/avr/timer.c) which calls sched_timer_dispatch() located in src/sched.c. The timer interrupt leads to execution of schedule timer functions. Timer functions always run with interrupts disabled. The timer functions should always complete within a few micro-seconds. At completion of the timer event, the function may choose to reschedule itself.

In the event an error is detected the code can invoke shutdown() (a macro which calls sched_shutdown() located in src/sched.c). Invoking shutdown() causes all functions tagged with the DECL_SHUTDOWN() macro to be run. Shutdown functions always run with interrupts disabled.

Much of the functionality of the micro-controller involves working with General-Purpose Input/Output pins (GPIO). In order to abstract the low-level architecture specific code from the high-level task code, all GPIO events are implemented in architectures specific wrappers (eg, src/avr/gpio.c). The code is compiled with gcc's "-flto -fwhole-program" optimization which does an excellent job of inlining functions across compilation units, so most of these tiny gpio functions are inlined into their callers, and there is no run-time cost to using them.

Klippy code overview

The host code (Klippy) is intended to run on a low-cost computer (such as a Raspberry Pi) paired with the micro-controller. The code is primarily written in Python, however it does use CFFI to implement some functionality in C code.

Initial execution starts in klippy/klippy.py. This reads the command-line arguments, opens the printer config file, instantiates the main printer objects, and starts the serial connection. The main execution of gcode commands is in the process_commands() method in klippy/gcode.py. This code translates the gcode commands into printer object calls, which frequently translate the actions to commands to be executed on the micro-controller (as declared via the DECL_COMMAND macro in the micro-controller code).

There are four threads in the Klippy host code. The main thread handles incoming gcode commands. A second thread (which resides entirely in the klippy/serialqueue.c C code) handles low-level IO with the serial port. The third thread is used to process response messages from the micro-controller in the Python code (see klippy/serialhdl.py). The fourth thread writes debug messages to the log (see klippy/queuelogger.py) so that the other threads never block on log writes.

Code flow of a move command

A typical printer movement starts when a "G1" command is sent to the Klippy host and it completes when the corresponding step pulses are produced on the micro-controller. This section outlines the code flow of a typical move command. The kinematics document provides further information on the mechanics of moves.

  • Processing for a move command starts in gcode.py. The goal of gcode.py is to translate G-code into internal calls. Changes in origin (eg, G92), changes in relative vs absolute positions (eg, G90), and unit changes (eg, F6000=100mm/s) are handled here. The code path for a move is: process_data() -> process_commands() -> cmd_G1(). Ultimately the ToolHead class is invoked to execute the actual request: cmd_G1() -> ToolHead.move()

  • The ToolHead class (in toolhead.py) handles "lookahead" and tracks the timing of printing actions. The codepath for a move is: ToolHead.move() -> MoveQueue.add_move() -> MoveQueue.flush() -> Move.set_junction() -> Move.move().

    • ToolHead.move() creates a Move() object with the parameters of the move (in cartesian space and in units of seconds and millimeters).
    • MoveQueue.add_move() places the move object on the "lookahead" queue.
    • MoveQueue.flush() determines the start and end velocities of each move.
    • Move.set_junction() implements the "trapezoid generator" on a move. The "trapezoid generator" breaks every move into three parts: a constant acceleration phase, followed by a constant velocity phase, followed by a constant deceleration phase. Every move contains these three phases in this order, but some phases may be of zero duration.
    • When Move.move() is called, everything about the move is known - its start location, its end location, its acceleration, its start/crusing/end velocity, and distance traveled during acceleration/cruising/deceleration. All the information is stored in the Move() class and is in cartesian space in units of millimeters and seconds. Times are stored relative to the start of the print.

    The move is then handed off to the kinematics classes: Move.move() -> kin.move()

  • The goal of the kinematics classes is to translate the movement in cartesian space to movement on each stepper. The kinematics classes are in cartesian.py, corexy.py, delta.py, and extruder.py. The kinematic class is given a chance to audit the move (ToolHead.move() -> kin.check_move()) before it goes on the lookahead queue, but once the move arrives in kin.move() the kinematic class is required to handle the move as specified. The kinematic classes translate the three parts of each move (acceleration, constant "cruising" velocity, and deceleration) to the associated movement on each stepper. Note that the extruder is handled in its own kinematic class. Since the Move() class specifies the exact movement time and since step pulses are sent to the micro-controller with specific timing, stepper movements produced by the extruder class will be in sync with head movement even though the code is kept separate.

  • For efficiency reasons, the stepper pulse times are generated in C code. The code flow is: kin.move() -> MCU_Stepper.step_const() -> stepcompress_push_const(), or for delta kinematics: DeltaKinematics.move() -> MCU_Stepper.step_delta() -> stepcompress_push_delta(). The MCU_Stepper code just performs unit and axis transformation (seconds to clock ticks and millimeters to step distances), and calls the C code. The C code calculates the stepper step times for each movement and fills an array (struct stepcompress.queue) with the corresponding micro-controller clock counter times (in 64bit integers) for every step. Here the "micro-controller clock counter" value directly corresponds to the micro-controller's hardware counter - it is relative to when the micro-controller was last powered up.

  • The next major step is to compress the steps: stepcompress_flush() -> compress_bisect_add() (in stepcompress.c). This code generates and encodes a series of micro-controller "queue_step" commands that correspond to the list of stepper step times built in the previous stage. These "queue_step" commands are then queued, prioritized, and sent to the micro-controller (via stepcompress.c:steppersync and serialqueue.c:serialqueue).

  • Processing of the queue_step commands on the micro-controller starts in command.c which parses the command and calls command_queue_step(). The command_queue_step() code (in stepper.c) just appends the parameters of each queue_step command to a per stepper queue. Under normal operation the queue_step command is parsed and queued at least 100ms before the time of its first step. Finally, the generation of stepper events is done in stepper_event(). It's called from the hardware timer interrupt at the scheduled time of the first step. The stepper_event() code generates a step pulse and then reschedules itself to run at the time of the next step pulse for the given queue_step parameters. The parameters for each queue_step command are "interval", "count", and "add". At a high-level, stepper_event() runs the following, 'count' times: do_step(); next_wake_time = last_wake_time + interval; interval += add;

The above may seem like a lot of complexity to execute a movement. However, the only really interesting parts are in the ToolHead and kinematic classes. It's this part of the code which specifies the movements and their timings. The remaining parts of the processing is mostly just communication and plumbing.