# Authentication methods
Zulip supports a wide variety of authentication methods. Some of them
require configuration to set up.
To configure or disable authentication methods on your Zulip server,
edit the `AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS` setting in
`/etc/zulip/settings.py`, as well as any additional configuration your
chosen authentication methods require; then restart the Zulip server.
Details on each method below.
## Email and password
The `EmailAuthBackend` method is the one method enabled by default,
and it requires no additional configuration.
Users set a password with the Zulip server, and log in with their
email and password.
When first setting up your Zulip server, this method must be used for
creating the initial realm and user. You can disable it after that.
## Plug-and-play SSO (Google, GitHub, GitLab)
With just a few lines of configuration, your Zulip server can
authenticate users with any of several single-sign-on (SSO)
authentication providers:
- Google accounts, with `GoogleAuthBackend`
- GitHub accounts, with `GitHubAuthBackend`
- GitLab accounts, with `GitLabAuthBackend`
- Microsoft Azure Active Directory, with `AzureADAuthBackend`
Each of these requires one to a handful of lines of configuration in
`settings.py`, as well as a secret in `zulip-secrets.conf`. Details
are documented in your `settings.py`.
(ldap)=
## LDAP (including Active Directory)
Zulip supports retrieving information about users via LDAP, and
optionally using LDAP as an authentication mechanism.
In either configuration, you will need to do the following:
1. These instructions assume you have an installed Zulip server and
are logged into a shell there. You can have created an
organization already using EmailAuthBackend, or plan to create the
organization using LDAP authentication.
1. Tell Zulip how to connect to your LDAP server:
- Fill out the section of your `/etc/zulip/settings.py` headed "LDAP
integration, part 1: Connecting to the LDAP server".
- If a password is required, put it in
`/etc/zulip/zulip-secrets.conf` by setting
`auth_ldap_bind_password`. For example:
`auth_ldap_bind_password = abcd1234`.
1. Decide how you want to map the information in your LDAP database to
users' account data in Zulip. For each Zulip user, two closely
related concepts are:
- their **email address**. Zulip needs this in order to send, for
example, a notification when they're offline and another user
sends a direct message.
- their **Zulip username**. This means the name the user types into the
Zulip login form. You might choose for this to be the user's
email address (`sam@example.com`), or look like a traditional
"username" (`sam`), or be something else entirely, depending on
your environment.
Either or both of these might be an attribute of the user records
in your LDAP database.
1. Tell Zulip how to map the user information in your LDAP database to
the form it needs for authentication. There are three supported
ways to set up the username and/or email mapping:
(A) Using email addresses as Zulip usernames, if LDAP has each
user's email address:
- Make `AUTH_LDAP_USER_SEARCH` a query by email address.
- Set `AUTH_LDAP_REVERSE_EMAIL_SEARCH` to the same query with
`%(email)s` rather than `%(user)s` as the search parameter.
- Set `AUTH_LDAP_USERNAME_ATTR` to the name of the LDAP
attribute for the user's LDAP username in the search result
for `AUTH_LDAP_REVERSE_EMAIL_SEARCH`.
(B) Using LDAP usernames as Zulip usernames, with email addresses
formed consistently like `sam` -> `sam@example.com`:
- Set `AUTH_LDAP_USER_SEARCH` to query by LDAP username
- Set `LDAP_APPEND_DOMAIN = "example.com"`.
(C) Using LDAP usernames as Zulip usernames, with email addresses
taken from some other attribute in LDAP (for example, `mail`):
- Set `AUTH_LDAP_USER_SEARCH` to query by LDAP username
- Set `LDAP_EMAIL_ATTR = "mail"`.
- Set `AUTH_LDAP_REVERSE_EMAIL_SEARCH` to a query that will find
an LDAP user given their email address (i.e. a search by
`LDAP_EMAIL_ATTR`). For example:
```python
AUTH_LDAP_REVERSE_EMAIL_SEARCH = LDAPSearch("ou=users,dc=example,dc=com",
ldap.SCOPE_SUBTREE, "(mail=%(email)s)")
```
- Set `AUTH_LDAP_USERNAME_ATTR` to the name of the LDAP
attribute for the user's LDAP username in that search result.
You can quickly test whether your configuration works by running:
```bash
/home/zulip/deployments/current/manage.py query_ldap username
```
from the root of your Zulip installation. If your configuration is
working, that will output the full name for your user (and that user's
email address, if it isn't the same as the "Zulip username").
**Active Directory**: Most Active Directory installations will use one
of the following configurations:
- To access by Active Directory username:
```python
AUTH_LDAP_USER_SEARCH = LDAPSearch("ou=users,dc=example,dc=com",
ldap.SCOPE_SUBTREE, "(sAMAccountName=%(user)s)")
AUTH_LDAP_REVERSE_EMAIL_SEARCH = LDAPSearch("ou=users,dc=example,dc=com",
ldap.SCOPE_SUBTREE, "(mail=%(email)s)")
AUTH_LDAP_USERNAME_ATTR = "sAMAccountName"
```
- To access by Active Directory email address:
```python
AUTH_LDAP_USER_SEARCH = LDAPSearch("ou=users,dc=example,dc=com",
ldap.SCOPE_SUBTREE, "(mail=%(user)s)")
AUTH_LDAP_REVERSE_EMAIL_SEARCH = LDAPSearch("ou=users,dc=example,dc=com",
ldap.SCOPE_SUBTREE, "(mail=%(email)s)")
AUTH_LDAP_USERNAME_ATTR = "mail"
```
**If you are using LDAP for authentication**: you will need to enable
the `zproject.backends.ZulipLDAPAuthBackend` auth backend, in
`AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS` in `/etc/zulip/settings.py`. After doing so
(and as always [restarting the Zulip server](settings.md) to ensure
your settings changes take effect), you should be able to log in to
Zulip by entering your email address and LDAP password on the Zulip
login form.
You may also want to configure Zulip's settings for [inviting new
users](https://zulip.com/help/invite-new-users). If LDAP is the
only enabled authentication method, the main use case for Zulip's
invitation feature is selecting the initial channels for invited users
(invited users will still need to use their LDAP password to create an
account).
### Synchronizing data
Zulip can automatically synchronize data declared in
`AUTH_LDAP_USER_ATTR_MAP` from LDAP into Zulip, via the following
management command:
```bash
/home/zulip/deployments/current/manage.py sync_ldap_user_data
```
This will sync the fields declared in `AUTH_LDAP_USER_ATTR_MAP` for
all of your users.
We recommend running this command in a **regular cron job** at
whatever frequency your organization prefers for synchronizing changes
made on your LDAP server to Zulip.
All of these data synchronization options have the same model:
- New users will be populated automatically with the
name/avatar/etc. from LDAP (as configured) on account creation.
- `manage.py sync_ldap_user_data` will automatically update existing
users with any changes that were made in LDAP.
- You can easily test your configuration using `manage.py query_ldap`.
Once you're happy with the configuration, remember to restart the
Zulip server with
`/home/zulip/deployments/current/scripts/restart-server` so that
your configuration changes take effect.
- Logs are available in `/var/log/zulip/ldap.log`.
When using this feature, you may also want to
[prevent users from changing their display name in the Zulip UI][restrict-name-changes],
since any such changes would be automatically overwritten on the sync
run of `manage.py sync_ldap_user_data`.
[restrict-name-changes]: https://zulip.com/help/restrict-name-and-email-changes
#### Synchronizing avatars
Zulip supports syncing LDAP / Active
Directory profile pictures (usually available in the `thumbnailPhoto`
or `jpegPhoto` attribute in LDAP) by configuring the `avatar` key in
`AUTH_LDAP_USER_ATTR_MAP`.
#### Synchronizing custom profile fields
Zulip supports syncing
[custom profile fields][custom-profile-fields] from LDAP / Active
Directory. To configure this, you first need to
[configure some custom profile fields][custom-profile-fields] for your
Zulip organization. Then, define a mapping from the fields you'd like
to sync from LDAP to the corresponding LDAP attributes. For example,
if you have a custom profile field `LinkedIn Profile` and the
corresponding LDAP attribute is `linkedinProfile` then you just need
to add `'custom_profile_field__linkedin_profile': 'linkedinProfile'`
to the `AUTH_LDAP_USER_ATTR_MAP`.
#### Synchronizing groups
Zulip supports syncing [Zulip groups][zulip-groups] with LDAP
groups. To configure this feature:
1. Review the [django-auth-ldap
documentation](https://django-auth-ldap.readthedocs.io/en/latest/groups.html)
to determine which of its supported group type configurations
matches how your LDAP directory stores groups.
1. Set `AUTH_LDAP_GROUP_TYPE` to the appropriate class instance for
that LDAP group type:
```python
from django_auth_ldap.config import ActiveDirectoryGroupType
AUTH_LDAP_GROUP_TYPE = ActiveDirectoryGroupType()
```
The default is `GroupOfUniqueNamesType`.
1. Configure `AUTH_LDAP_GROUP_SEARCH` to specify how to find groups in
your LDAP directory:
```python
AUTH_LDAP_GROUP_SEARCH = LDAPSearch(
"ou=groups,dc=www,dc=example,dc=com", ldap.SCOPE_SUBTREE,
"(objectClass=groupOfUniqueNames)"
)
```
1. Configure which LDAP groups you want to sync into
Zulip. `LDAP_SYNCHRONIZED_GROUPS_BY_REALM` is a map where the keys
are subdomains of the realms being configured (use `""` for the
root domain), and the value corresponding to the key being a list
the names of groups to sync:
```python
LDAP_SYNCHRONIZED_GROUPS_BY_REALM = {
"subdomain1" : [
"group1",
"group2",
]
}
```
In this example configuration, for the Zulip realm with subdomain
`subdomain1`, user membership in the Zulip groups named `group1`
and `group2` will match their membership in LDAP groups with those
names.
1. Test your configuration and restart the server into the new
configuration as [documented above](#synchronizing-data).
[zulip-groups]: https://zulip.com/help/user-groups
#### Synchronizing email addresses
User accounts in Zulip are uniquely identified by their email address,
and that's [currently](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/pull/16208) the
only way through which a Zulip account is associated with their LDAP
user account.
In particular, whenever a user attempts to log in to Zulip using LDAP,
Zulip will use the LDAP information to authenticate the access, and
determine the user's email address. It will then log in the user to
the Zulip account with that email address (or if none exists,
potentially prompt the user to create one). This model is convenient,
because it works well with any LDAP provider (and handles migrations
between LDAP providers transparently).
However, when a user's email address is changed in your LDAP
directory, manual action needs to be taken to tell Zulip that the
email address Zulip account with the new email address.
There are two ways to execute email address changes:
- Users changing their email address in LDAP can [change their email
address in Zulip](https://zulip.com/help/change-your-email-address)
before logging out of Zulip. The user will need to be able to
receive email at the new email address in order to complete this
flow.
- A server administrator can use the `manage.py change_user_email`
[management command][management-commands] to adjust a Zulip
account's email address directly.
If a user accidentally creates a duplicate account, the duplicate
account can be deactivated (and its email address changed) or deleted,
and then the real account adjusted using the management command above.
[management-commands]: ../production/management-commands.md
#### Automatically deactivating users
Zulip supports synchronizing the
disabled/deactivated status of users. If you're using Active Directory,
you can configure this by uncommenting the sample line
`"userAccountControl": "userAccountControl",` in
`AUTH_LDAP_USER_ATTR_MAP` (and restarting the Zulip server). Zulip
will then treat users that are disabled via the "Disable Account"
feature in Active Directory as deactivated in Zulip.
If you're using a different LDAP server which uses a boolean attribute
which is `TRUE` or `YES` for users that should be deactivated and `FALSE`
or `NO` otherwise. You can configure a mapping for `deactivated` in
`AUTH_LDAP_USER_ATTR_MAP`. For example, `"deactivated": "nsAccountLock",` is a correct mapping for a
[FreeIPA](https://www.freeipa.org/) LDAP database.
Users who are disabled in LDAP will be immediately unable to log in to
Zulip using LDAP authentication, since Zulip queries the LDAP/Active
Directory server on every login attempt. The user will be fully
deactivated the next time you run `manage.py sync_ldap_user_data` (at
which point they will be forcibly logged out from all active browser
sessions, appear as deactivated in the Zulip UI, etc.).
This feature works by checking for the `ACCOUNTDISABLE` flag on the
`userAccountControl` field in Active Directory. See
[this handy resource](https://jackstromberg.com/2013/01/useraccountcontrol-attributeflag-values/)
for details on the various `userAccountControl` flags.
#### Deactivating non-matching users
Zulip supports automatically deactivating users if they are not found
by the `AUTH_LDAP_USER_SEARCH` query (either because the user is no
longer in LDAP/Active Directory, or because the user no longer matches
the query). This feature is enabled by default if LDAP is the only
authentication backend configured on the Zulip server. Otherwise, you
can enable this feature by setting
`LDAP_DEACTIVATE_NON_MATCHING_USERS` to `True` in
`/etc/zulip/settings.py`. Nonmatching users will be fully deactivated
the next time you run `manage.py sync_ldap_user_data`.
#### Other fields
Other fields you may want to sync from LDAP include:
- Boolean flags describing the user's role / permission level:
`is_realm_owner` (Organization owner), `is_realm_admin` (Organization administrator),
`is_guest` (Guest), `is_moderator` (Moderator). You can use the
[AUTH_LDAP_USER_FLAGS_BY_GROUP][django-auth-booleans] feature of
`django-auth-ldap` to configure a group to get any of these permissions.
(Don't use this to modify other boolean flags such as
`is_active` as that can introduce inconsistent state in the database;
see the above discussion of automatic deactivation for how to do
that properly).
Because the upstream `django-auth-ldap` library processes flags in
the order they are listed in `AUTH_LDAP_USER_FLAGS_BY_GROUP`, flags
should be listed in order from **lowest** to **highest** precedence
(i.e., declare the `is_guest` group first and the `is_realm_owner`
group last, if you'd like a user who is in both groups to be a realm
owner rather than a guest).
- String fields like `default_language` (e.g., `en`) or `timezone`, if
you have that data in the right format in your LDAP database.
You can look at the [full list of fields][models-py] in the Zulip user
model; search for `class UserProfile`, but the above should cover all
the fields that would be useful to sync from your LDAP databases.
[models-py]: https://github.com/zulip/zulip/blob/main/zerver/models/users.py
[django-auth-booleans]: https://django-auth-ldap.readthedocs.io/en/latest/users.html#easy-attributes
### Multiple LDAP searches
To do the union of multiple LDAP searches, use `LDAPSearchUnion`. For example:
```python
AUTH_LDAP_USER_SEARCH = LDAPSearchUnion(
LDAPSearch("ou=users,dc=example,dc=com", ldap.SCOPE_SUBTREE, "(uid=%(user)s)"),
LDAPSearch("ou=otherusers,dc=example,dc=com", ldap.SCOPE_SUBTREE, "(uid=%(user)s)"),
)
```
### Restricting access to an LDAP group
You can restrict access to your Zulip server to a set of LDAP groups
using the `AUTH_LDAP_REQUIRE_GROUP` and `AUTH_LDAP_DENY_GROUP`
settings in `/etc/zulip/settings.py`.
An example configuration for Active Directory group restriction can be:
```python
import django_auth_ldap
AUTH_LDAP_GROUP_TYPE = django_auth_ldap.config.ActiveDirectoryGroupType()
AUTH_LDAP_REQUIRE_GROUP = "cn=enabled,ou=groups,dc=example,dc=com"
AUTH_LDAP_GROUP_SEARCH = LDAPSearch("ou=groups,dc=example,dc=com", ldap.SCOPE_SUBTREE, "(objectClass=groupOfNames)")
```
Please note that `AUTH_LDAP_GROUP_TYPE` needs to be set to the correct
group type for your LDAP server. See the [upstream django-auth-ldap
documentation][upstream-ldap-groups] for details.
[upstream-ldap-groups]: https://django-auth-ldap.readthedocs.io/en/latest/groups.html
### Restricting LDAP user access to specific organizations
If you're hosting multiple Zulip organizations, you can restrict which
users have access to which organizations.
This is done by setting `org_membership` in `AUTH_LDAP_USER_ATTR_MAP` to the name of
the LDAP attribute which will contain a list of subdomains that the
user should be allowed to access.
For the root subdomain, `www` in the list will work, or any other of
`settings.ROOT_SUBDOMAIN_ALIASES`.
For example, with `org_membership` set to `department`, a user with
the following attributes will have access to the root and `engineering` subdomains:
```text
...
department: engineering
department: www
...
```
More complex access control rules are possible via the
`AUTH_LDAP_ADVANCED_REALM_ACCESS_CONTROL` setting. Note that
`org_membership` takes precedence over
`AUTH_LDAP_ADVANCED_REALM_ACCESS_CONTROL`:
1. If `org_membership` is set and allows access, access will be granted
2. If `org_membership` is not set or does not allow access,
`AUTH_LDAP_ADVANCED_REALM_ACCESS_CONTROL` will control access.
`AUTH_LDAP_ADVANCED_REALM_ACCESS_CONTROL` is a dictionary keyed by the
organization's subdomain. The corresponding value is a list of
`attribute: value` pair sets such that a user is permitted to access
the organization if and only if the `attribute: value` pairs in at
least one of these sets match the user's LDAP attributes. If this
setting is enabled, organizations not explicitly configured in it
will not be affected - they'll allow normal LDAP login, unless restricted
by other settings.
This is better illustrated with an example:
```
AUTH_LDAP_ADVANCED_REALM_ACCESS_CONTROL = {
"zulip": [
{
"department": "main",
"employeeType": "staff"
},
{
"office": "Dallas"
}
]
}
```
This means that the organization `"zulip"` will be accessible via ldap
authentication only for users whose ldap attributes either contain
both `department: main` `employeeType: staff` or just `office:
Dallas`. LDAP authentication will proceed normally for all other
organizations.
:::{warning}
Restricting access using these mechanisms only affects authentication via LDAP,
and won't prevent users from accessing the organization using any other
authentication backends that are enabled for the organization.
:::
### Troubleshooting
Most issues with LDAP authentication are caused by misconfigurations of
the user and email search settings. Some things you can try to get to
the bottom of the problem:
- Review the instructions for the LDAP configuration type you're
using: (A), (B) or (C) (described above), and that you have
configured all of the required settings documented in the
instructions for that configuration type.
- Use the `manage.py query_ldap` tool to verify your configuration.
The output of the command will usually indicate the cause of any
configuration problem. For the LDAP integration to work, this
command should be able to successfully fetch a complete, correct set
of data for the queried user.
- You can find LDAP-specific logs in `/var/log/zulip/ldap.log`. If
you're asking for help with your setup, please provide logs from
this file (feel free to anonymize any email addresses to
`username@example.com`) in your report.
## SAML
Zulip supports SAML authentication, used by Okta, OneLogin, and many
other IdPs (identity providers). You can configure it as follows:
1. These instructions assume you have an installed Zulip server; if
you're using Zulip Cloud, see [this article][saml-help-center],
which also has IdP-side configuration advice for common IdPs.
You can have created a Zulip organization already using the default
EmailAuthBackend, or plan to create the organization using SAML
authentication.
1. Tell your IdP how to find your Zulip server:
- **SP Entity ID**: `https://yourzulipdomain.example.com`.
The `Entity ID` should match the value of
`SOCIAL_AUTH_SAML_SP_ENTITY_ID` computed in the Zulip settings.
You can get the correct value by running the following:
`/home/zulip/deployments/current/scripts/get-django-setting SOCIAL_AUTH_SAML_SP_ENTITY_ID`.
- **SSO URL**:
`https://yourzulipdomain.example.com/complete/saml/`. This is
the "SAML ACS url" in SAML terminology.
If you're
[hosting multiple organizations](multiple-organizations.md#authentication),
you need to use `SOCIAL_AUTH_SUBDOMAIN`. For example,
if `SOCIAL_AUTH_SUBDOMAIN="auth"` and `EXTERNAL_HOST=zulip.example.com`,
this should be `https://auth.zulip.example.com/complete/saml/`.
1. Tell Zulip how to connect to your SAML provider(s) by filling
out the section of `/etc/zulip/settings.py` on your Zulip server
with the heading "SAML Authentication".
- You will need to update `SOCIAL_AUTH_SAML_ORG_INFO` with your
organization name (`displayname` may appear in the IdP's
authentication flow; `name` won't be displayed to humans).
- Fill out `SOCIAL_AUTH_SAML_ENABLED_IDPS` with data provided by
your identity provider. You may find [the python-social-auth
SAML
docs](https://python-social-auth.readthedocs.io/en/latest/backends/saml.html)
helpful. You'll need to obtain several values from your IdP's
metadata and enter them on the right-hand side of this
Python dictionary:
1. Set the outer `idp_name` key to be an identifier for your IdP,
e.g., `testshib` or `okta`. This field appears in URLs for
parts of your Zulip server's SAML authentication flow.
2. The IdP should provide the `url` and `entity_id` values.
3. Save the `x509cert` value to a file; you'll use it in the
instructions below.
4. The values needed in the `attr_` fields are often configurable
in your IdP's interface when setting up SAML authentication
(referred to as "Attribute Statements" with Okta, or
"Attribute Mapping" with Google Workspace). You'll want to connect
these so that Zulip gets the email address (used as a unique
user ID) and name for the user.
5. The `display_name` and `display_icon` fields are used to
display the login/registration buttons for the IdP.
6. The `auto_signup` field determines how Zulip should handle
login attempts by users who don't have an account yet.
1. Install the certificate(s) required for SAML authentication. You
will definitely need the public certificate of your IdP. Some IdP
providers also support the Zulip server (Service Provider) having
a certificate used for encryption and signing. We detail these
steps as optional below, because they aren't required for basic
setup, and some IdPs like Okta don't fully support Service
Provider certificates. You should install them as follows:
1. On your Zulip server, `mkdir -p /etc/zulip/saml/idps/`
2. Put the IDP public certificate in `/etc/zulip/saml/idps/{idp_name}.crt`
3. (Optional) Put the Zulip server public certificate in `/etc/zulip/saml/zulip-cert.crt`
and the corresponding private key in `/etc/zulip/saml/zulip-private-key.key`. Note that
the certificate should be the single X.509 certificate for the server, not a full chain of
trust, which consists of multiple certificates. The private key cannot be encrypted
with a password, as then Zulip will not be able to load it. An example pair can be
generated using:
```bash
openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:2056 -keyout zulip-private-key.key -out zulip-cert.crt -days 365 -nodes
```
4. Set the proper permissions on these files and directories:
```bash
chown -R zulip.zulip /etc/zulip/saml/
find /etc/zulip/saml/ -type f -exec chmod 644 -- {} +
chmod 640 /etc/zulip/saml/zulip-private-key.key
```
1. (Optional) If you configured the optional public and private server
certificates above, you can enable the additional setting
`"authnRequestsSigned": True` in `SOCIAL_AUTH_SAML_SECURITY_CONFIG`
to have the SAMLRequests the server will be issuing to the IdP
signed using those certificates. Additionally, if the IdP supports
it, you can upload the public certificate to enable encryption of
assertions in the SAMLResponses the IdP will send about
authenticated users.
1. Enable the `zproject.backends.SAMLAuthBackend` auth backend, in
`AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS` in `/etc/zulip/settings.py`.
1. [Restart the Zulip server](settings.md) to ensure
your settings changes take effect. The Zulip login page should now
have a button for SAML authentication that you can use to log in or
create an account (including when creating a new organization).
1. If the configuration was successful, the server's metadata can be
found at `https://yourzulipdomain.example.com/saml/metadata.xml`. You
can use this for verifying your configuration or provide it to your
IdP.
[saml-help-center]: https://zulip.com/help/saml-authentication
[user-role-help-center]: https://zulip.com/help/roles-and-permissions
### IdP-initiated SSO
The above configuration is sufficient for Service Provider initialized
SSO, i.e. you can visit the Zulip web app and click "Sign in with
{IdP}" and it'll correctly start the authentication flow. If you are
not hosting multiple organizations, the above configuration is also
sufficient for Identity Provider initiated SSO, i.e. clicking a "Sign
in to Zulip" button on the IdP's website can correctly authenticate
the user to Zulip.
If you're hosting multiple organizations and thus using the
`SOCIAL_AUTH_SUBDOMAIN` setting, you'll need to configure a custom
`RelayState` in your IdP of the form
`{"subdomain": "yourzuliporganization"}` to let Zulip know which
organization to authenticate the user to when they visit your SSO URL
from the IdP. (If the organization is on the root domain, use the
empty string: `{"subdomain": ""}`.).
### Restricting access to specific organizations
If you're hosting multiple Zulip organizations, you can restrict which
organizations can use a given IdP by setting `limit_to_subdomains`.
For example, `limit_to_subdomains = ["", "engineering"]` would
restrict an IdP the root domain and the `engineering` subdomain.
You can achieve the same goal with a SAML attribute; just declare
which attribute using `attr_org_membership` in the IdP configuration.
For the root subdomain, `www` in the list will work, or any other of
`settings.ROOT_SUBDOMAIN_ALIASES`.
For example, with `attr_org_membership` set to `member`, a user with
the following attribute in their `AttributeStatement` will have access
to the root and `engineering` subdomains:
```xml
www
engineering
```
### Synchronizing user role or custom profile fields during login
In contrast with SCIM or LDAP, the SAML protocol only allows Zulip to
access data about a user when that user authenticates to Zulip using
SAML, so metadata can only be synchronized when the user logs in.
As a result, most installations using SAML will want to use [SCIM
provisioning](./scim.md) to synchronize metadata continuously. Zulip
nonetheless includes support for copying certain fields from a SAML
database, which can be a good option when a SAML provider does not
offer SCIM or the fields one is interested in syncing change rarely
enough that asking users to logout and then login again to resync
their metadata might feel reasonable.
Specifically, Zulip supports synchronizing the [user
role][user-role-help-center] and [custom profile
fields][custom-profile-fields] from the SAML provider.
In order to use this functionality, configure
`SOCIAL_AUTH_SYNC_ATTRS_DICT` in `/etc/zulip/settings.py` according to
the instructions in the inline documentation in the file. Servers
installed before Zulip 10.0 may want to [update inline comment
documentation][update-inline-comments] first in order to access it.
Custom profile fields are only synchronized during login, not during
account creation; we consider this [a
bug](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/issues/18746). User role is
synchronized during both account creation and each consecutive login.
:::{note}
When user role is provided by the SAML IdP during signup of a
user who's coming from an invitation link, the IdP-provided role will
take precedence over the role set in the invitation.
:::
### SCIM
Many SAML IdPs also offer SCIM provisioning to manage automatically
deactivating accounts; consider configuring the [Zulip SCIM
integration](../production/scim.md).
### Using Keycloak as a SAML IdP
1. Make sure you reviewed [this article][saml-help-center], which
details how to configure Keycloak properly to use SAML with Zulip.
2. Verify that `SOCIAL_AUTH_SAML_ENABLED_IDPS[{idp_name}]['entity_id']` and
`SOCIAL_AUTH_SAML_ENABLED_IDPS[{idp_name}]['url']` are correct in your Zulip
configuration. Specifically, if `entity_id` is
`https://keycloak.example.com/auth/realms/master`, then `url`
should be
`https://keycloak.example.com/auth/realms/master/protocol/saml`
3. Your Keycloak public certificate must be saved on the Zulip server
as `{idp_name}.crt` in `/etc/zulip/saml/idps/`. You can obtain the
certificate from the Keycloak UI in the `Keys` tab. Click on the
button `Certificate` and copy the content.
(Alternatively, open the URL in your browser
`https://keycloak.example.com/auth/realms/master/protocol/saml/descriptor`.
Replace the domain (`keycloak.example.com`) as well as the realm
name (`master`) in the url. Note that depending on your version of Keycloak,
`/auth/` may or may not be present in the URL. The certificate is the content inside
`[...]`).
Save the certificate in a new `{idp_name}.crt` file constructed as follows:
```text
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
{Paste the content here}
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
```
4. If you want to sign SAML requests, you have to do two things in Keycloak:
1. In the Keycloak client settings you set up previously, open the
`Settings` tab and **enable** `Client Signature Required`.
2. Keycloak can generate the Client private key and certificate
automatically, but Zulip's SAML library does not support the
resulting certificates. Instead, you must generate the key and
certificate on the Zulip server and import them into Keycloak:
1. Generate **Zulip server public certificate** and the corresponding **private key**:
```bash
openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:2056 -keyout zulip-private-key.key \
-out zulip-cert.crt -days 365 -nodes
```
2. Generate a JKS keystore (replace `{mypassword}` and
`{myalias}` in the `keytool` invocation):
```bash
openssl pkcs12 -export -out domainname.pfx -inkey zulip-private-key.key -in zulip-cert.crt
keytool -importkeystore -srckeystore domainname.pfx -srcstoretype pkcs12 \
-srcalias 1 -srcstorepass {mypassword} -destkeystore domainname.jks \
-deststoretype jks -destalias {myalias}
```
You can run the above on the Zulip server. If you instead run
it on a Mac, you may want to use the keychain
administration tool to generate the JKS keystore with a UI instead of
using the `keytool` command. (see also: https://stackoverflow.com/a/41250334)
3. Then switch to the `SAML Keys` tab of your Keycloak
client. Import `domainname.pfx` into Keycloak. After
importing, only the certificate will be displayed (not the private
key).
### Using Authentik as a SAML IdP
1. Make sure you reviewed [this article](https://goauthentik.io/integrations/services/zulip/), which
details how to integrate Zulip with Authentik.
1. Verify that `SOCIAL_AUTH_SAML_ENABLED_IDPS[{idp_name}]['entity_id']` and
`SOCIAL_AUTH_SAML_ENABLED_IDPS[{idp_name}]['url']` are correct in your Zulip
configuration. Specifically, if `entity_id` is
`https://authentik.example.com/`, then `url`
should be
`https://authentik.company/application/saml//sso/binding/redirect/` where ``
is the application slug you've assigned to this application in Authentik settings (e.g `zulip`).
1. Update the attribute mapping in your new entry in `SOCIAL_AUTH_SAML_ENABLED_IDPS` to match how
Authentik specifies attributes in its `SAMLResponse`:
```
"attr_user_permanent_id": "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/emailaddress",
"attr_first_name": "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/name",
"attr_last_name": "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/name",
"attr_username": "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/emailaddress",
"attr_email": "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/emailaddress",
```
1. Your Authentik public certificate must be saved on the Zulip server
as `/etc/zulip/saml/idps/{idp_name}.crt`. You can obtain the
certificate from the Authentik UI in the `Certificates` section or directly
from the provider's page.
(Alternatively, open the settings page of the provider you created and copy the certificate embedded in the
SAML Metadata's `` field.).
Save the certificate in a new `{idp_name}.crt` file constructed as follows:
```
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
{Paste the content here}
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
```
### SAML Single Logout
Zulip supports both IdP-initiated and SP-initiated SAML Single
Logout. The implementation has primarily been tested with Keycloak and
these instructions are for that provider; please [contact
us](https://zulip.com/help/contact-support) if you need help using
this with another IdP.
#### IdP-initiated Single Logout
1. In the KeyCloak configuration for Zulip, enable `Force Name ID Format`
and set `Name ID Format` to `email`. Zulip needs to receive
the user's email address in the NameID to know which user's
sessions to terminate.
1. Make sure `Front Channel Logout` is enabled, which it should be by default.
Disable `Force POST Binding`, as Zulip only supports the Redirect binding.
1. In `Fine Grain SAML Endpoint Configuration`, set `Logout Service Redirect Binding URL`
to the same value you provided for `SSO URL` above.
1. Add the IdP's `Redirect Binding URL` for `SingleLogoutService` to
your IdP configuration dict in `SOCIAL_AUTH_SAML_ENABLED_IDPS` in
`/etc/zulip/settings.py` as `slo_url`. For example it may look like
this:
```text
"your_keycloak_idp_name": {
"entity_id": "https://keycloak.example.com/auth/realms/yourrealm",
"url": "https://keycloak.example.com/auth/realms/yourrealm/protocol/saml",
"slo_url": "https://keycloak.example.com/auth/realms/yourrealm/protocol/saml",
...
```
You can find these details in your `SAML 2.0 Identity Provider Metadata` (available
in your `Realm Settings`).
1. Because Keycloak uses the old `Name ID Format` format for
pre-existing sessions, each user needs to be logged out before SAML
Logout will work for them. Test SAML logout with your account by
logging out from Zulip, logging back in using SAML, and then using
the SAML logout feature from KeyCloak. Check
`/var/log/zulip/errors.log` for error output if it doesn't work.
1. Once SAML logout is working for you, you can use the `manage.py logout_all_users` management command to log out all users so that
SAML logout works for everyone.
```bash
/home/zulip/deployments/current/manage.py logout_all_users
```
#### SP-initiated Single Logout
After configuring IdP-initiated Logout, you only need to set
`"sp_initiated_logout_enabled": True` in the appropriate IdP
configuration dict in `SOCIAL_AUTH_SAML_ENABLED_IDPS` in
`/etc/zulip/settings.py` to also enable SP-initiated Logout. When this
is active, a user who logged in to Zulip via SAML, upon clicking
"Logout" in the Zulip web app will be redirected to the IdP's Single
Logout endpoint with a `LogoutRequest`. If a successful
`LogoutResponse` is received back, their current Zulip session will be
terminated.
Note that this doesn't work when logging out of the mobile application
since the app doesn't use sessions and relies on just having the user's
API key.
#### Caveats
- This implementation doesn't support using `SessionIndex` to limit which
sessions are affected; in IdP-initiated Logout it always terminates
all logged-in sessions for the user identified in the `NameID`.
- SAML Logout in a configuration where your IdP handles authentication
for multiple organizations is not yet supported.
## Apache-based SSO with `REMOTE_USER`
If you have any existing SSO solution where a preferred way to deploy
it (a) runs inside Apache, and (b) sets the `REMOTE_USER` environment
variable, then the `ZulipRemoteUserBackend` method provides you with a
straightforward way to deploy that SSO solution with Zulip.
### Setup instructions for Apache-based SSO
1. In `/etc/zulip/settings.py`, configure two settings:
- `AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS`: `'zproject.backends.ZulipRemoteUserBackend'`,
and no other entries.
- `SSO_APPEND_DOMAIN`: see documentation in `settings.py`.
Make sure that you've restarted the Zulip server since making this
configuration change.
2. Edit `/etc/zulip/zulip.conf` and change the `puppet_classes` line to read:
```ini
puppet_classes = zulip::profile::standalone, zulip::apache_sso
```
3. As root, run `/home/zulip/deployments/current/scripts/zulip-puppet-apply`
to install our SSO integration.
4. To configure our SSO integration, edit a copy of
`/etc/apache2/sites-available/zulip-sso.example`, saving the result
as `/etc/apache2/sites-available/zulip-sso.conf`. The example sets
up HTTP basic auth, with an `htpasswd` file; you'll want to replace
that with configuration for your SSO solution to authenticate the
user and set `REMOTE_USER`.
For testing, you may want to move ahead with the rest of the setup
using the `htpasswd` example configuration and demonstrate that
working end-to-end, before returning later to configure your SSO
solution. You can do that with the following steps:
```bash
/home/zulip/deployments/current/scripts/restart-server
cd /etc/apache2/sites-available/
cp zulip-sso.example zulip-sso.conf
htpasswd -c /home/zulip/zpasswd username@example.com # prompts for a password
```
5. Run `a2ensite zulip-sso` to enable the SSO integration within Apache.
6. Run `service apache2 reload` to use your new configuration. If
Apache isn't already running, you may need to run
`service apache2 start` instead.
Now you should be able to visit your Zulip server in a browser (e.g.,
at `https://zulip.example.com/`) and log in via the SSO solution.
### Troubleshooting Apache-based SSO
Most issues with this setup tend to be subtle issues with the
hostname/DNS side of the configuration. Suggestions for how to
improve this SSO setup documentation are very welcome!
- For example, common issues have to do with `/etc/hosts` not mapping
`settings.EXTERNAL_HOST` to the Apache listening on
`127.0.0.1`/`localhost`.
- While debugging, it can often help to temporarily change the Apache
config in `/etc/apache2/sites-available/zulip-sso` to listen on all
interfaces rather than just `127.0.0.1`.
- While debugging, it can also be helpful to change `proxy_pass` in
`/etc/nginx/zulip-include/app.d/external-sso.conf` to point to a
more explicit URL, possibly not over HTTPS.
- The following log files can be helpful when debugging this setup:
- `/var/log/zulip/{errors.log,server.log}` (the usual places)
- `/var/log/nginx/access.log` (nginx access logs)
- `/var/log/apache2/zulip_auth_access.log` (from the
`zulip-sso.conf` Apache config file; you may want to change
`LogLevel` in that file to "debug" to make this more verbose)
### Life of an Apache-based SSO login attempt
Here's a summary of how the Apache `REMOTE_USER` SSO system works,
assuming you're using the example configuration with HTTP basic auth.
This summary should help with understanding what's going on as you try
to debug.
- Since you've configured `/etc/zulip/settings.py` to only define the
`zproject.backends.ZulipRemoteUserBackend`,
`zproject/computed_settings.py` configures `/accounts/login/sso/` as
`HOME_NOT_LOGGED_IN`. This makes `https://zulip.example.com/`
(a.k.a. the homepage for the main Zulip Django app running behind
nginx) redirect to `/accounts/login/sso/` for a user that isn't
logged in.
- nginx proxies requests to `/accounts/login/sso/` to an Apache
instance listening on `localhost:8888`, via the config in
`/etc/nginx/zulip-include/app.d/external-sso.conf` (using the
upstream `localhost_sso`, defined in `/etc/nginx/zulip-include/upstreams`).
- The Apache `zulip-sso` site which you've enabled listens on
`localhost:8888` and (in the example config) presents the `htpasswd`
dialogue. (In a real configuration, it takes the user through
whatever more complex interaction your SSO solution performs.) The
user provides correct login information, and the request reaches a
second Zulip Django app instance, running behind Apache, with
`REMOTE_USER` set. That request is served by
`zerver.views.remote_user_sso`, which just checks the `REMOTE_USER`
variable and either logs the user in or, if they don't have an
account already, registers them. The login sets a cookie.
- After succeeding, that redirects the user back to `/` on port 443.
This request is sent by nginx to the main Zulip Django app, which
sees the cookie, treats them as logged in, and proceeds to serve
them the main app page normally.
## Sign in with Apple
Zulip supports using the web flow for Sign in with Apple on
self-hosted servers. To do so, you'll need to do the following:
1. Visit [the Apple Developer site][apple-developer] and [Create a
Services ID.][apple-create-services-id]. When prompted for a "Return
URL", enter `https://zulip.example.com/complete/apple/` (using the
domain for your server).
1. Create a [Sign in with Apple private key][apple-create-private-key].
1. Store the resulting private key at
`/etc/zulip/apple-auth-key.p8`. Be sure to set
permissions correctly:
```bash
chown zulip:zulip /etc/zulip/apple-auth-key.p8
chmod 640 /etc/zulip/apple-auth-key.p8
```
1. Configure Apple authentication in `/etc/zulip/settings.py`:
- `SOCIAL_AUTH_APPLE_TEAM`: Your Team ID from Apple, which is a
string like "A1B2C3D4E5".
- `SOCIAL_AUTH_APPLE_SERVICES_ID`: The Services ID you created in
step 1, which might look like "com.example.services".
- `SOCIAL_AUTH_APPLE_APP_ID`: The App ID, or Bundle ID, of your
app that you used in step 1 to configure your Services ID.
This might look like "com.example.app".
- `SOCIAL_AUTH_APPLE_KEY`: Despite the name this is not a key, but
rather the Key ID of the key you created in step 2. This looks
like "F6G7H8I9J0".
- `AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS`: Uncomment (or add) a line like
`'zproject.backends.AppleAuthBackend',` to enable Apple auth
using the created configuration.
1. Register with Apple the email addresses or domains your Zulip
server sends email to users from. For instructions and background,
see the "Email Relay Service" subsection of
[this page][apple-get-started]. For details on what email
addresses Zulip sends from, see our
[outgoing email documentation][outgoing-email].
[apple-create-services-id]: https://help.apple.com/developer-account/?lang=en#/dev1c0e25352
[apple-developer]: https://developer.apple.com/account/resources/
[apple-create-private-key]: https://help.apple.com/developer-account/?lang=en#/dev77c875b7e
[apple-get-started]: https://developer.apple.com/sign-in-with-apple/get-started/
[outgoing-email]: email.md
## OpenID Connect
Zulip can be integrated with any OpenID Connect (OIDC) authentication
provider. You can configure it by enabling
`zproject.backends.GenericOpenIdConnectBackend` in
`AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS` and following the steps outlined in the
comment documentation in `/etc/zulip/settings.py`.
If your server was originally installed from a release in the
`4.x` series or earlier, you will need to update your `settings.py`
file. You can find instructions on how to do that in a
[separate doc][update-inline-comments].
Note that `SOCIAL_AUTH_OIDC_ENABLED_IDPS` only supports a single IdP currently.
The Return URL to authorize with the provider is
`https://yourzulipdomain.example.com/complete/oidc/`.
By default, users who attempt to log in with OIDC using an email
address that does not have a current Zulip account will be prompted
for whether they intend to create a new account or would like to log in
using another authentication method. You can configure automatic
account creation on first login attempt by setting
`"auto_signup": True` in the IdP configuration dictionary.
The global setting `SOCIAL_AUTH_OIDC_FULL_NAME_VALIDATED` controls how
Zulip uses the Full Name provided by the IdP. By default, Zulip
prefills that value in the new account creation form, but gives the
user the opportunity to edit it before submitting. When `True`, Zulip
assumes the name is correct, and new users will not be presented with
a registration form unless they need to accept Terms of Service for
the server (i.e. `TERMS_OF_SERVICE_VERSION` is set).
## JWT
Zulip supports using JSON Web Tokens (JWT) authentication in two ways:
1. Obtaining a logged in session by making a POST request to
`/accounts/login/jwt/`. This allows a separate application to
integrate with Zulip via having a button that directly takes the user
to Zulip and logs them in.
2. Fetching a user's API key by making a POST request to
`/api/v1/jwt/fetch_api_key`. This allows a separate application to
integrate with Zulip by [making API
requests](https://zulip.com/api/) on behalf of any user in a Zulip
organization.
In both cases, the request should be made by sending an HTTP `POST`
request with the JWT in the `token` parameter, with the JWT payload
having the structure `{"email": ""}`.
In order to use JWT authentication with Zulip, one must first
configure the JWT secret and algorithm via `JWT_AUTH_KEYS` in
`/etc/zulip/settings.py`; see the inline comment documentation in that
file for details.
## Configuring a custom Python wrapper around the `authenticate` mechanism
Zulip supports configuring a custom authentication function that will
work as a wrapper around every login attempt to Zulip, enabling custom
logging, additional authentication checks, and more.
This mechanism protects the web login and the mobile login process
used to obtain an API key, but **will not be called** when processing
API requests by the Zulip mobile apps or other API clients that have
already obtained an API key (a step that typically happens once per
device during first-time login).
:::{note}
Knowledge of [how authentication backends work in Django][django-authenticate-details]
as well as some familiarity with Zulip's authentication implementation in
`zproject/backends.py` are required.
This feature is beta and has some rough edges as well as requiring
significantly more expertise than other authentication features; we do
not recommend using it without specific advice from Zulip support, but
we document it here for completeness.
:::
You can write custom Python logic that will wrap such `authenticate()`
calls by specifying in `/etc/zulip/settings.py`:
```python3
def custom_auth_wrapper(
auth_func, *args, **kwargs
):
from zerver.lib.exceptions import JsonableError
backend = args[0]
backend_name = backend.name
request = args[1]
ip_address = request.META["REMOTE_ADDR"]
backend.logger.info("%s backend. ip is %s", backend_name, ip_address)
user_profile = auth_func(*args, **kwargs)
if user_profile is not None and user_profile.delivery_email == "protecteduser@example.com":
if backend_name == "email" and ip_address != "x.x.x.x":
raise JsonableError("Your IP address is not allowed to log in as this user.")
return user_profile
# We need to actually specify to use this function defined above as the
# custom authentication wrapper:
CUSTOM_AUTHENTICATION_WRAPPER_FUNCTION = custom_auth_wrapper
```
`auth_func` is the underlying `authenticate` function belonging to the
authentication backend class currently being processed. If you have
more than one backend enabled, this will be executed multiple times -
each time with `auth_func` being the `authenticate` function of the
backend class currently being processed.
Therefore, your `custom_auth_wrapper` can inspect the received
arguments, process them as desired and eventually call the original
`auth_func` to obtain the underlying authentication result, to analyze
and potentially return it. The simple code demonstrated above checks
whether `auth_func` succeeds, and if so, whether the resulting user
account belongs to `protecteduser@example.com`. Such authentication,
if it's using the `EmailAuthBackend` should only be allowed if made
from a pre-defined IP address `x.x.x.x`, so if these restrictions are
violated, a JSON error response will be generated.
The example demonstrates the possibility of making the logic dependent
on the specific authentication backend being used, but unless you're
very familiar with the various backends used by Zulip, a safer
approach is to keep things general.
:::{important}
Using `CUSTOM_AUTHENTICATION_WRAPPER_FUNCTION` with social
authentication backends (Google, GitHub, and anything else that
subclasses `SocialAuthMixin` in `zproject/backends.py`) is not
recommended.
Due to the different way that social authentication backends process
authentication attempts using a 3rd party site that provides the
user's identity, it is **not** a good approach to modify their own
`authenticate` calls directly.
If you need to use this feature in combination with those backends,
you should make your logic be applied when processing the
`ZulipDummyBackend` - which is the final layer of the authentication
checks for whether authentication should succeed. If you want to
reject authentication requests (e.g., based on IP address of the
request), this is where it should happen.
:::
[django-authenticate-details]: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/topics/auth/customizing/#writing-an-authentication-backend
## Adding more authentication backends
Adding an integration with any of the more than 100 authentication
providers supported by [python-social-auth][python-social-auth] (e.g.,
Facebook, Twitter, etc.) is easy to do if you're willing to write a
bit of code, and pull requests to add new backends are welcome.
For example, the
[Azure Active Directory integration](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/commit/49dbd85a8985b12666087f9ea36acb6f7da0aa4f)
was about 30 lines of code, plus some documentation and an
[automatically generated migration][schema-migrations]. We also have
helpful developer documentation on
[testing auth backends](../development/authentication.md).
[schema-migrations]: ../subsystems/schema-migrations.md
[python-social-auth]: https://python-social-auth.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
## Development only
The `DevAuthBackend` method is used only in development, to allow
passwordless login as any user in a development environment. It's
mentioned on this page only for completeness.
[custom-profile-fields]: https://zulip.com/help/custom-profile-fields
[update-inline-comments]: upgrade.md#updating-settingspy-inline-documentation