# Writing a new application feature The changes needed to add a new feature will vary, of course, but this document provides a general outline of what you may need to do, as well as an example of the specific steps needed to add a new feature: adding a new option to the application that is dynamically synced through the data system in real-time to all browsers the user may have open. As you read this, you may find you need to learn about Zulip's real-time push system; the [real-time push and events](events-system.html) documentation has a detailed explanation of how everything works. ## General Process in brief ### Adding a field to the database **Update the model:** The server accesses the underlying database in `zerver/ models.py`. Add a new field in the appropriate class. **Create and run the migration:** To create and apply a migration, run: ``` ./manage.py makemigrations ./manage.py migrate ``` **Test your changes:** Once you've run the migration, restart memcached on your development server (`/etc/init.d/memcached restart`) and then restart `run-dev.py` to avoid interacting with cached objects. ### Backend changes **Database interaction:** Add any necessary code for updating and interacting with the database in `zerver/lib/actions.py`. It should update the database and send an event announcing the change. **Application state:** Modify the `fetch_initial_state_data` and `apply_event` functions in `zerver/lib/events.py` to update the state based on the event you just created. **Backend implementation:** Make any other modifications to the backend required for your change. **New views:** Add any new application views to `zerver/urls.py`. This includes both views that serve HTML (new pages on Zulip) as well as new API endpoints that serve JSON-formatted data. **Testing:** At the very least, add a test of your event data flowing through the system in `test_events.py`. ### Frontend changes **JavaScript:** Zulip's JavaScript is located in the directory `static/js/`. The exact files you may need to change depend on your feature. If you've added a new event that is sent to clients, be sure to add a handler for it to `static/js/server_events.js`. **CSS:** The primary CSS file is `static/styles/zulip.css`. If your new feature requires UI changes, you may need to add additional CSS to this file. **Templates:** The initial page structure is rendered via Jinja2 templates located in `templates/zerver`. For JavaScript, Zulip uses Handlebars templates located in `static/templates`. Templates are precompiled as part of the build/deploy process. Zulip is fully internationalized, so when writing both HTML templates or JavaScript code that generates user-facing strings, be sure to [tag those strings for translation](translating.html). **Testing:** There are two types of frontend tests: node-based unit tests and blackbox end-to-end tests. The blackbox tests are run in a headless browser using Casper.js and are located in `frontend_tests/casper_tests/`. The unit tests use Node's `assert` module are located in `frontend_tests/node_tests/`. For more information on writing and running tests see the [testing documentation](testing.html). ## Example Feature This example describes the process of adding a new setting to Zulip: a flag that restricts inviting new users to admins only (the default behavior is that any user can invite other users). It is based on an actual Zulip feature, and you can review [the original commit in the Zulip git repo](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/commit/5b7f3466baee565b8e5099bcbd3e1ccdbdb0a408). (Note that Zulip has since been upgraded from Django 1.6 to 1.8, so the migration format has changed.) ### Update the model First, update the database and model to store the new setting. Add a new boolean field, `invite_by_admins_only`, to the Realm model in `zerver/models.py`. ``` diff --- a/zerver/models.py +++ b/zerver/models.py @@ -139,6 +139,7 @@ class Realm(ModelReprMixin, models.Model): restricted_to_domain = models.BooleanField(default=True) # type: bool invite_required = models.BooleanField(default=False) # type: bool + invite_by_admins_only = models.BooleanField(default=False) # type: bool create_stream_by_admins_only = models.BooleanField(default=False) # type: bool mandatory_topics = models.BooleanField(default=False) # type: bool ``` ### Create the migration Create the migration file: `./manage.py makemigrations`. Make sure to commit the generated file to git: `git add zerver/migrations/NNNN_realm_invite_by_admins_only.py` (NNNN is a number that is equal to the number of migrations.) If you run into problems, the [Django migration documentation](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.8/topics/migrations/) is helpful. ### Test your migration changes Apply the migration: `./manage.py migrate` Output: ``` shell $ ./manage.py migrate Operations to perform: Synchronize unmigrated apps: staticfiles, analytics, pipeline Apply all migrations: zilencer, confirmation, sessions, guardian, zerver, sites, auth, contenttypes Synchronizing apps without migrations: Creating tables... Running deferred SQL... Installing custom SQL... Running migrations: Rendering model states... DONE Applying zerver.0026_realm_invite_by_admins_only... OK ``` ### Handle database interactions Next, we will move on to implementing the backend part of this feature. Like typical apps, we will need our backend to update the database and send some response to the client that made the request. Beyond that, we need to orchestrate notifications to *other* clients (or other users, if you will) that our setting has changed. Clients find out about settings through two closely related code paths. When a client first contacts the server, the server sends the client its initial state. Subsequently, clients subscribe to "events," which can (among other things) indicate that settings have changed. For the backend piece, we will need our action to make a call to `send_event` to send the event to clients that are active. We will also need to modify `fetch_initial_state_data` so that future clients see the new changes. Anyway, getting back to implementation details... In `zerver/lib/actions.py`, create a new function named `do_set_realm_invite_by_admins_only`. This function will update the database and trigger an event to notify clients when this setting changes. In this case there was an existing `realm|update` event type which was used for setting similar flags on the Realm model, so it was possible to add a new property to that event rather than creating a new one. The property name matches the database field to make it easy to understand what it indicates. The second argument to `send_event` is the list of users whose browser sessions should be notified. Depending on the setting, this can be a single user (if the setting is a personal one, like time display format), only members in a particular stream or all active users in a realm. : # zerver/lib/actions.py def do_set_realm_invite_by_admins_only(realm, invite_by_admins_only): realm.invite_by_admins_only = invite_by_admins_only realm.save(update_fields=['invite_by_admins_only']) event = dict( type="realm", op="update", property='invite_by_admins_only', value=invite_by_admins_only, ) send_event(event, active_user_ids(realm)) return {} ### Update application state You then need to add code that will handle the event and update the application state. In `zerver/lib/events.py` update the `fetch_initial_state` and `apply_event` functions. : def fetch_initial_state_data(user_profile, event_types, queue_id, include_subscribers=True): # ... state['realm_invite_by_admins_only'] = user_profile.realm.invite_by_admins_only` In this case you don't need to change `apply_event` because there is already code that will correctly handle the realm update event type: : def apply_event(state, events, user_profile, include_subscribers): for event in events: # ... elif event['type'] == 'realm': field = 'realm_' + event['property'] state[field] = event['value'] ### Add a new view You then need to add a view for clients to access that will call the newly-added `actions.py` code to update the database. This example feature adds a new parameter that should be sent to clients when the application loads and be accessible via JavaScript, and there is already a view that does this for related flags: `update_realm`. So in this case, we can add our code to the existing view instead of creating a new one. : # zerver/views/home.py def home(request): # ... page_params = dict( # ... realm_invite_by_admins_only = register_ret['realm_invite_by_admins_only'], # ... ) Since this feature also adds a checkbox to the admin page, and adds a new property the Realm model that can be modified from there, you also need to make changes to the `update_realm` function in the same file: : # zerver/views/realm.py def update_realm(request, user_profile, name=REQ(validator=check_string, default=None), restricted_to_domain=REQ(validator=check_bool, default=None), invite_required=REQ(validator=check_bool, default=None), ...more arguments): # ... if invite_by_admins_only is not None and realm.invite_by_admins_only != invite_by_admins_only: do_set_realm_invite_by_admins_only(realm, invite_by_admins_only) data['invite_by_admins_only'] = invite_by_admins_only Then make the required front end changes: in this case a checkbox needs to be added to the admin page (and its value added to the data sent back to server when a realm is updated) and the change event needs to be handled on the client. To add the checkbox to the admin page, modify the relevant template, `static/templates/admin_tab.handlebars` (omitted here since it is relatively straightforward). Then add code to handle changes to the new form control in `static/js/admin.js`. : var url = "/json/realm"; var new_invite_by_admins_only = $("#id_realm_invite_by_admins_only").prop("checked"); data[invite_by_admins_only] = JSON.stringify(new_invite_by_admins_only); channel.patch({ url: url, data: data, success: function (data) { # ... if (data.invite_by_admins_only) { ui.report_success("New users must be invited by an admin!", invite_by_admins_only_status); } else { ui.report_success("Any user may now invite new users!", invite_by_admins_only_status); } # ... } }); Finally, update `server_events.js` to handle related events coming from the server. : # static/js/server_events.js function dispatch_normal_event(event) { switch (event.type) { # ... case 'realm': if (event.op === 'update' && event.property === 'invite_by_admins_only') { page_params.realm_invite_by_admins_only = event.value; } } } Any code needed to update the UI should be placed in `dispatch_normal_event` callback (rather than the `channel.patch`) function. This ensures the appropriate code will run even if the changes are made in another browser window. In this example most of the changes are on the backend, so no UI updates are required.