Sentry may get reported multiple exceptions stacks, in the case where
a `raise ...` was caught, and a new exception was `raise`d. In this
case, the `filename` is the most recent exception -- but the
exceptions are stored in the `exception` key in the order in which
they occurred. As such, taking the first value with a `stacktrace`
will result in showing the wrong line, or in no stack trace being
resolved at all.
Look from the last `exception` backwards, for matching stacks.
It's possible that this is a new name for the "due"
field, but it's not totally clear.
In the exception we saw in the field:
payload['action']['data']['old']['dueComplete'] = False
payload['action']['data']['card']['dueComplete'] = True
We remove the fixture for create_check_item, which
has been bit-rotting for as long as we have ignored
this type of card data.
Our new test is more powerful, in the sense that it
shows we successfully ignore all fixtures of this
type.
If we want to handle this, we'll just need to get
new, representative fixture data from trello.
We introduce get_payload for the relatively
exceptional cases where webhooks return payloads
as dicts.
Having a simple "str" type for get_body will
allow us to extract test helpers that use
payloads from get_body() without the ugly
`Union[str, Dict[str, str]]` annotations.
I also tightened up annotations in a few places
where we now call get_payload (using Dict[str, str]
instead of Dict[str, Any]).
In the zendesk test I explicitly stringify
one of the parameters to satisfy mypy.
If we're not passing in expected_topic or expected_message
to check_webhook, it's better to just call send_webhook_payload,
since we'll want to explicitly check our messages
anyway.
This preps us to always require those fields for
check_webhook, which can prevent insidious testing no-ops.
This forces us to be a bit more explicit about testing
the three key values in any stream message, and it
also de-clutters the code a bit. I eventually want
to phase out do_test_topic and friends, since they
have the pitfall that you can call them and have them
do nothing, because they don't actually require
values to be be passed in.
I also clean up the code a bit for the tests that
have two new messages arriving.
Having an optional stream_name parameter makes
it confusing to read the code if you know your
webhook is sending private messages.
And then the other two callers are already
checking topics, so they might as well check
stream names, too.
We also have the two stream-oriented callers
make their own call to "subscribe". And we
future-proof this by making sure the exception
for no-message-being-sent calls out that gotcha.
Somewhat in passing, we now assert that
self.STREAM_NAME is not None in the main
helper. This is partly to satisfy mypy, but
it's also a good sanity check.
This also sets the stage for the next commit,
where I'll add an assert_stream_message helper.
Not all webhook payloads are json, so send_json_payload was a
bit misleading.
In passing I also remove "bytes" from the Union type for
"payload" parameter.
Almost all webhook tests use this helper, except a few
webhooks that write to private streams.
Being concise is important here, and the name
`self.send_and_test_stream_message` always confused
me, since it sounds you're sending a stream message,
and it leaves out the webhook piece.
We should consider renaming `send_and_test_private_message`
to something like `check_webhook_private`, but I couldn't
decide on a great name, and it's very rarely used. So
for now I just made sure the docstrings of the two
sibling functions reference each other.
The "EXPECTED_" prefix and "_EVENTS" suffix
usually provided more noise than signal.
We also use module constants to avoid the "self."
noise. It also makes it a bit more clear which
constants actually have to be in the class (e.g.
"FIXTURE_DIR_NAME") to do their job.
We had optional parameters for expected_topic and
expected_message, which are trivial to eliminate,
since the integration is really simple.
And we were doing strange things trying to reset
class variables at the end of tests. Now we just
set them explicitly in the tests.
The test helper here was taking an "expected_topic"
parameter that it just ignored, and then the
dialogflow tests were passing in expected messages
in that slot, so the actual "expected_message" var
was "None" and was ignored. So the tests weren't
testing anything.
Now we eliminate the crufty expected_topic parameter
and require an actual value for "expected_message".
I also clean up the mypy type for content_type,
and I remove the `content_type is None` check,
since all callers either pass in a str content
type or default to "application/json".
Per [1], the sentry API returns frames sorted from oldest to newest.
As such, matching against the first filename that matches is most
likely not the right frame.
Match against the last frame with the guilty filename.
[1] https://develop.sentry.dev/sdk/event-payloads/stacktrace/
These weren’t wrong since orjson.JSONDecodeError subclasses
json.JSONDecodeError which subclasses ValueError, but the more
specific ones express the intention more clearly.
(ujson raised ValueError directly, as did json in Python 2.)
Signed-off-by: Anders Kaseorg <anders@zulip.com>
Since the title of a merge request can often change, it shouldn't be a
part of the topic that we send the message to. Otherwise things would
get messy and confusing.
But at the same time we don't want to make this mandatory. So we add
a new boolean GET parameter that can toggle whether or not the topic
should include the MR title (`use_merge_request_title`).
Fixes#15951.
Signed-off-by: Hemanth V. Alluri <hdrive1999@gmail.com>
Card descriptions aren't dates, and calling prettify_date on them results in removing upper case T characters, replacing uppercase Z characters with " UTC", etc. in descriptions when they appear in Zulip.
This was pretty clearly just a copy/paste mistake (these functions are very closely parallel to the *_due_date_* functions above, which do work on dates and call prettify_date).
The idea behind doing this is that we would rather let the code error
out rather than add to the logs. It's webhook code usually never uses
the logging module so this section of legacy code needed to be changed
or removed.
Assists PR #15942.
Signed-off-by: Hemanth V. Alluri <hdrive1999@gmail.com>
This commit re-adds the integration for canarytokens.org, now separate
from the primary Thinkst integration.
Signed-off-by: David Wood <david@davidtw.co>
This commit fixes the Thinkst Canary integration which - based on the
schema in upstream documentation - incorrectly assumed that some fields
would always be sent, which meant that the integration would fail. In
addition, this commit adjusts support for canarytokens to only support
the canarytoken schema with Thinkst Canaries (not Thinkst's
canarytokens.org).
Signed-off-by: David Wood <david@davidtw.co>
This changes the notification messages for events that currently just
include the string `"the repository"` to also include the full (`org/repo`)
name of the affected repository. Messages for the following events are
changed:
- `public`
- `star`
- `watch`
- `repository`
- `team_add`
Background: we're using the GitHub integration for org-wide notifications
for the [Bytecode Alliance Zulip](bytecodealliance.zulipchat.com/), and
having all messages just say "the repository" isn't ideal. Even now one
can hover over the link to see the repo's url, but it'd be much nicer if
the message just contained the full name.
I also changed the message for `star` to include a link to the repository,
same as the `watch` notification.
After merging PR #15355 we found that CircleCI may send
super minimal payloads. This does not seem to depend on
.circleci/config.yml since we received two different
types of payloads off of the same configuration.
Signed-off-by: Hemanth V. Alluri <hdrive1999@gmail.com>
Generated by pyupgrade --py36-plus --keep-percent-format.
Now including %d, %i, %u, and multi-line strings.
Signed-off-by: Anders Kaseorg <anders@zulip.com>
Use read-only types (List ↦ Sequence, Dict ↦ Mapping, Set ↦
AbstractSet) to guard against accidental mutation of the default
value.
Signed-off-by: Anders Kaseorg <anders@zulip.com>
There seems to have been a confusion between two different uses of the
word “optional”:
• An optional parameter may be omitted and replaced with a default
value.
• An Optional type has None as a possible value.
Sometimes an optional parameter has a default value of None, or None
is otherwise a meaningful value to provide, in which case it makes
sense for the optional parameter to have an Optional type. But in
other cases, optional parameters should not have Optional type. Fix
them.
Signed-off-by: Anders Kaseorg <anders@zulip.com>
Fixes#2665.
Regenerated by tabbott with `lint --fix` after a rebase and change in
parameters.
Note from tabbott: In a few cases, this converts technical debt in the
form of unsorted imports into different technical debt in the form of
our largest files having very long, ugly import sequences at the
start. I expect this change will increase pressure for us to split
those files, which isn't a bad thing.
Signed-off-by: Anders Kaseorg <anders@zulip.com>
Automatically generated by the following script, based on the output
of lint with flake8-comma:
import re
import sys
last_filename = None
last_row = None
lines = []
for msg in sys.stdin:
m = re.match(
r"\x1b\[35mflake8 \|\x1b\[0m \x1b\[1;31m(.+):(\d+):(\d+): (\w+)", msg
)
if m:
filename, row_str, col_str, err = m.groups()
row, col = int(row_str), int(col_str)
if filename == last_filename:
assert last_row != row
else:
if last_filename is not None:
with open(last_filename, "w") as f:
f.writelines(lines)
with open(filename) as f:
lines = f.readlines()
last_filename = filename
last_row = row
line = lines[row - 1]
if err in ["C812", "C815"]:
lines[row - 1] = line[: col - 1] + "," + line[col - 1 :]
elif err in ["C819"]:
assert line[col - 2] == ","
lines[row - 1] = line[: col - 2] + line[col - 1 :].lstrip(" ")
if last_filename is not None:
with open(last_filename, "w") as f:
f.writelines(lines)
Signed-off-by: Anders Kaseorg <anders@zulipchat.com>
This commit adds an integration for Thinkst Canaries - physical, VM and
cloud-based canaries for detecting attackers to a network. Thinkst
Canaries can send webhook alerts when canaries have been tripped, and
this integration will post Zulip messages when these webhooks are
received.
Signed-off-by: David Wood <david@davidtw.co>
Generated by pyupgrade --py36-plus --keep-percent-format, but with the
NamedTuple changes reverted (see commit
ba7906a3c6, #15132).
Signed-off-by: Anders Kaseorg <anders@zulip.com>
datetime.timezone is available in Python ≥ 3.2. This also lets us
remove a pytz dependency from the PostgreSQL scripts.
Signed-off-by: Anders Kaseorg <anders@zulip.com>
The previous code for this event was using a key that's not actually
a part of the payload. So here we simple remove the usage of that key
and add a (previously missing) test for this event.
Signed-off-by: Hemanth V. Alluri <hdrive1999@gmail.com>
mock is just a backport of the standard library’s unittest.mock now.
The SAMLAuthBackendTest change is needed because
MagicMock.call_args.args wasn’t introduced until Python
3.8 (https://bugs.python.org/issue21269).
The PROVISION_VERSION bump is skipped because mock is still an
indirect dev requirement via moto.
Signed-off-by: Anders Kaseorg <anders@zulip.com>
* Encountered `No emoji specified for status 'Pending'` when using `on_start: always`:
```yaml
notifications:
webhooks:
...
on_start: always # default: never
```
"pyr_" events are like refund events some source called it a pseudo
refund event (https://stackoverflow.com/questions/46296374/how-can-
i-get-the-original-charge-and-refund-ids-of-an-automatic-payout).
Though due to the lack of any documentation on this event I'm not
confident if this is the right fix.
Signed-off-by: Hemanth V. Alluri <hdrive1999@gmail.com>
Use get_release_event_message from webhooks/git.py to format release
events using the newly implemented release message template.
Tweaked by tabbott to handle name=None.
Builds on #14746. Proposed in #14934.
GitHub supports opening a draft/WIP pull request and then marking it
as ready for review later on. This PR supports the ready_for_review
action for pull_request events.
Signed-off-by: Hemanth V. Alluri <hdrive1999@gmail.com>
Apparently, the change and test I added before didn't quite cover the
corner case that was broken. This does, and exposes a second bug as
well, which we fix.
Since notify is mostly depreciated in the latest versions of CircleCI.
Although we can use use notify in CircleCI 2.0 but currently
there is no documentation regarding it.
We could have use notify here rather than this hacky solution but
if we use notify it was not possible to trigger CircleCI webhook only
for the main Zulip repository.
Also corrected the circle ci webhook for the case where we don't receive
previous in post request
This adds a webhook that can be used to interpret standard Slack
payloads. Since there are a ton of existing Slack integrations out
there, having a webhook which can accept standard Slack payloads can
significantly ease transition pains. Obviously this can't do everything
that Slack payloads can (particularly WRT their widgets/interactions),
but we can ingest text and parse out multi-block payloads into a message
relatively reasonably.
When the integration was originally rewritten, support for the
deprecated webhook payloads was removed. We later noticed that some
people using Zulip were still using versions of Sentry that required
the older integration code.
Thus this commit adds back the older integration code and whenever the
Sentry webhook payload does not have a "data" field (which must be
present in all modern payloads as per the documentation at
https://docs.sentry.io/workflow/integrations/integration-platform/webhooks)
we will use the older Sentry integration code.
Signed-off-by: Hemanth V. Alluri <hdrive1999@gmail.com>
Sentry has client SDKs for many programming languages and frameworks.
Sentry has deprecated their old "Raven" series of client SDKs in favor
of a new series of client SDKs following their unified API format.
As it stood, our Sentry integration was already outdated being written
for the version 5 payloads (the Raven SDKs stopped at version 6 which
is already vastly different from version 5) when the current and
prominently used version is version 7.
This commit completely rewrites the existing Sentry integration.
Tested and supported events:
- Issue created, resolved, assigned, and ignored events.
- "Sentry events" for "capture exception" and "capture message" with
the Golang, Node.js, and Python SDKs (other SDKs should also work but
only these were used for testing).
For reference:
- Old (Raven) SDK for python:
https://github.com/getsentry/raven-python
- New (Unified API format) SDK for python:
https://github.com/getsentry/sentry-python
Signed-off-by: Hemanth V. Alluri <hdrive1999@gmail.com>
Generated by autopep8, with the setup.cfg configuration from #14532.
I’m not sure why pycodestyle didn’t already flag these.
Signed-off-by: Anders Kaseorg <anders@zulipchat.com>
To be able to get a screenshot of the personal message using the
`generate-integration-docs-screenshot` tool, this commit changes the
personal build to be triggered by iago, instead of cordelia.
The webhook view used a default value for the email, which gave
non-informative errors when the webhook is incorrectly configured without
the email parameter.
The event name seems to have been incorrectly called `todo_due_date_changed`
instead of `todo_due_on_changed`. The API docs for webhooks don't mention
the correct event name, but the TODO json payload[1] seems to contain the
`due_on` field, aside from the fixture actually referring to
`todo_due_on_changed` event type.
[1]: https://github.com/basecamp/bc3-api/blob/master/sections/todos.md
Generated by `pyupgrade --py3-plus --keep-percent-format` on all our
Python code except `zthumbor` and `zulip-ec2-configure-interfaces`,
followed by manual indentation fixes.
Signed-off-by: Anders Kaseorg <anders@zulipchat.com>
Semaphore has currently has two different versions of their product -
Classic and 2.0. This commit adds support for Semaphore 2.0, along side
Semaphore Classic, using the same webhook. This would let the integration
work seamlessly for users who have already configured a Zulip integration in
their Semaphore 2.0 projects.
Semaphore 2.0 currently only supports GitHub and their payloads do not
contain URLs for common entities like commits, pull requests and tags. We
construct URLs for them using templates, but also try to support other
services by providing notifications without URLs.
Closes#14171
Co-authored-by: Puneeth Chaganti <punchagan@muse-amuse.in>
For event types that we don't yet support, like worklog_created (and
likely many more in the future), it doesn't make sense to call a
function that only parses issue events correctly.
I'm not sure what causes some Jira webhook events to not include the
metadata that other events do, but it's definitely a format sent by
real installations of Jira (likely a very old version, since this has
fields missing from what modern Jira does) and we've seen it in
production.
The best we can do is encourage users to upgrade Jira for better data.
We try to use the correct variation of `email`
or `delivery_email`, even though in some
databases they are the same.
(To find the differences, I temporarily hacked
populate_db to use different values for email
and delivery_email, and reduced email visibility
in the zulip realm to admins only.)
In places where we want the "normal" realm
behavior of showing emails (and having `email`
be the same as `delivery_email`), we use
the new `reset_emails_in_zulip_realm` helper.
A couple random things:
- I fixed any error messages that were leaking
the wrong email
- a test that claimed to rely on the order
of emails no longer does (we sort user_ids
instead)
- we now use user_ids in some place where we used
to use emails
- for IRC mirrors I just punted and used
`reset_emails_in_zulip_realm` in most places
- for MIT-related tests, I didn't fix email
vs. delivery_email unless it was obvious
I also explicitly reset the realm to a "normal"
realm for a couple tests that I frankly just didn't
have the energy to debug. (Also, we do want some
coverage on the normal case, even though it is
"easier" for tests to pass if you mix up `email`
and `delivery_email`.)
In particular, I just reset data for the analytics
and corporate tests.
This reduces query counts in some cases, since
we no longer need to look up the user again. In
particular, it reduces some noise when we
count queries for O(N)-related tests.
The query count is usually reduced by 2 per
API call. We no longer need to look up Realm
and UserProfile. In most cases we are saving
these lookups for the whole tests, since we
usually already have the `user` objects for
other reasons. In a few places we are simply
moving where that query happens within the
test.
In some places I shorten names like `test_user`
or `user_profile` to just be `user`.
We want a clean codepath for the vast majority
of cases of using api_get/api_post, which now
uses email and which we'll soon convert to
accepting `user` as a parameter.
These apis that take two different types of
values for the same parameter make sweeps
like this kinda painful, and they're pretty
easy to avoid by extracting helpers to do
the actual common tasks. So, for example,
here I still keep a common method to
actually encode the credentials (since
the whole encode/decode business is an
annoying detail that you don't want to fix
in two places):
def encode_credentials(self, identifier: str, api_key: str) -> str:
"""
identifier: Can be an email or a remote server uuid.
"""
credentials = "%s:%s" % (identifier, api_key)
return 'Basic ' + base64.b64encode(credentials.encode('utf-8')).decode('utf-8')
But then the rest of the code has two separate
codepaths.
And for the uuid functions, we no longer have
crufty references to realm. (In fairness, realm
will also go away when we introduce users.)
For the `is_remote_server` helper, I just inlined
it, since it's now only needed in one place, and the
name didn't make total sense anyway, plus it wasn't
a super robust check. In context, it's easier
just to use a comment now to say what we're doing:
# If `role` doesn't look like an email, it might be a uuid.
if settings.ZILENCER_ENABLED and role is not None and '@' not in role:
# do stuff
Hellosign now posts their callback as form/multipart, which Django only
permits to be read once. Attempts to access request.body after the
initial read throw "django.http.request.RawPostDataException: You
cannot access body after reading from request's data stream".
Fixes#13847.
Add a simple compatibility function for AWX 9.x.x. Before AWX 9.x.x
a "friendly_name" key was sent by default. Afterwards it was removed
from being a default key but we can still more or less determine if
the triggering event was a job from the REST-style URL.
Note: It is also technically possible to add the key back by defining
a custom notification template in AWX/Tower.
Resolves#13295.
This removes zerver/webhooks/trello/view/exceptions.py, which
contained legacy Trello webhook exception related classes. We replace
them with UnexpectedWebhookEventType, which results in our standard
exception handling for unknown event types running (avoiding too-high
priority error logging).
Fixes#13467.
Then, find and fix a predictable number of previous misuses.
With a small change by tabbott to preserve backwards compatibility for
sending `yes` for the `forged` field.
Signed-off-by: Anders Kaseorg <anders@zulipchat.com>
MigrationsTestCase is intentionally omitted from this, since migrations
tests are different in their nature and so whatever setUp()
ZulipTestCase may do in the future, MigrationsTestCase may not
necessarily want to replicate.
Papertrail sends requests with the content type
`application/x-www-form-urlencoded`, with the payload parameter holding the
JSON body. This commit fixes the papertrail integration to use the payload
parameter in the request's POST data instead of trying to parse the
request's entire body as JSON.
Papertrail documentation here:
https://help.papertrailapp.com/kb/how-it-works/web-hooks#encoding
Atlassian announced that it will no longer provide information about
comments along with their "issue" type event payloads for Jira. So
we must now update the Jira integration to appropriately respond to
"comment" type events (the reason why we didn't do this before was
that initially, the "comment" type event payloads didn't contain
sufficient information about their issues, but this payload has
since been improved).
Note: This commit does *not* remove support for the older "issue"
type event payloads where information about comments was included.
This way we can maintain compatibility with old self-hosted versions
of self hosted Jira (2016 and before).
Source:
https://developer.atlassian.com/cloud/jira/platform/change-notice-
removal-of-comments-from-issue-webhooks/
Fixes#13012
Delete trailing newlines from all files, except
tools/ci/success-http-headers.txt and tools/setup/dev-motd, where they
are significant, and static/third, where we want to stay close to
upstream.
Signed-off-by: Anders Kaseorg <anders@zulipchat.com>
Previous cleanups (mostly the removals of Python __future__ imports)
were done in a way that introduced leading newlines. Delete leading
newlines from all files, except static/assets/zulip-emoji/NOTICE,
which is a verbatim copy of the Apache 2.0 license.
Signed-off-by: Anders Kaseorg <anders@zulipchat.com>
In the rare case that Zulip receives an email with only an HTML
format, we originally (code dating to 2013) shelled out to
html2markdown/python-html2text in order to convert the HTML into
markdown.
We long since added html2text as a reasonably managed Python
dependency of Zulip; we should just use it here.
This reverts commit f476ec7fac (#10312)
and replaces it with a proper fix using Jinja2 raw blocks.
Signed-off-by: Anders Kaseorg <anders@zulipchat.com>
For storing HTTP headers as a function of fixture name, previously
we required that the fixture_to_headers method should reside in a
separate module called headers.py.
However, as in many cases, this method will only take a few lines,
we decided to move this function into the view.py file of the
integration instead of requiring a whole new file called headers.py
This commit introduces the small change in the system architecture,
migrates the GitHub integration, and updates the docs accordingly.
In the GitHub integration we established that for many integrations,
we can directly map the fixture filename to the set of required
headers and by following a simple naming convention we can greatly
ease the logic involved in fixture_to_headers method required .
So to prevent the need for duplicating the logic used by the GitHub
integration, we created a method called `get_http_headers_from_filename`
which will take the name of the HTTP header (key) and then return a
corresponding method (in a decorator-like fashion) which could then be
equated to fixture_to_headers in headers.py.
The GitHub integration was modified to use this method and the docs
were updated to suggest using this when possible.
If the event key is None, the handler content_func never gets
defined, which leads to an UnboundLocalError. This can be easily
avoided by having a dedicated function that handles the case for
when the event key is None.
If the invoice was paid then the message should simply be
"Invoice is now paid." with a link to the invoice.
Also, suppress the "status_transitions" and "payment_intent"events.
The payload for when a build is cancelled was causing an error
because the build result code mapping was missing one of the
codes. This commit also fixes a minor typo in the result codes.
This commit modifies the regex used when parsing JIRA's full links of
the form `[text|link]` so that if you have two in a message, Zulip
markup conversion doesn't think that the first link extends to the
closing `]` of the second link.
This commit also removes the conditional for when a build status
does not have a corresponding emoji. In such a case, it is better
to have no emoji than displaying some boilerplate text about no
appropriate emoji being available.
comment_created payloads may not contain the required issue data
to format a useful notification, therefore, it is better to handle
issue comments through issue_updated events (which we already do).
Fixes: #11995.
The github-services model for how GitHub would send requests to this
legacy integration is no longer available since earlier in 2019.
Removing this integration also allows us to finally remove
authenticated_api_view, the legacy authentication model from 2013 that
had been used for this integration (and other features long since
upgraded).
A few functions that were used by the Beanstalk webhook are moved into
that webhook's implementation directly.
The initial goal was to improve message formatting and punctuation
but after a closer look, I realized that a larger refactor was
worth it for clarity and redability.
Certain payloads for account updates do not include the
previous_attributes that allow us to figure out what was actually
updated. So, we just ignore just payloads.
According to GitHub's webhook docs, the scope of a membership
event can only be limited to 'teams', which holds true when a
new member is added to a team. However, we just found a payload
in our logs that indicates that when a user is removed from a
team, the scope of the membership is erroneously set to
'organization', not 'team'. This is most likely a bug on
GitHub's end because such behaviour is a direct violation of
their webhook API event specifications. We account for this
by restricting membership events to teams explicitly, at least
till GitHub's docs suggest otherwise.
This change was prompted by a possible bug on Clubhouse's end. In
general, if a branch is added, it also prompts a workflow state
transition in its primary story.
However, our webhook error logs show an erroneous payload where
the same branch is added to another story, but there is no
workflow state transition. Also, both the stories are grouped in
the same payload, which confused/broke our code. Ideally, this
shouldn't happen and is most likely a bug on Clubhouse's end.
In most cases, changes included in Clubhouse payloads never
pertain to more than one parent entity (stories) simultaneously,
and we usually operate under the assumption that the changes
included therein are related to each other in terms of their
parent object (story or epic) and not a child object (the GitHub
branch).
A check suite is a collection of check runs. We care a lot more
about the outcomes of check runs in this case because check_run
payloads are a lot more informative than check_suite payloads.
(And in any case, the check_suite events are primarily for notifying
tools like CI to run checks).
We only support notifications for events where a check run has
completed. Notifications for when a check run has been queued or
is in progress are not very informative and may be too noisy.
The payloads for this event are missing some important details
about the Project's changes, such as the name of the project,
the card's column name, etc. Without such details, the resultant
notifications would not be useful at all!