This commit prepares the frontend code to be consumed by webpack.
It is a hack: In theory, modules should be declaring and importing the
modules they depend on and the globals they expose directly.
However, that requires significant per-module work, which we don't
really want to block moving our toolchain to webpack on.
So we expose the modules by setting window.varName = varName; as
needed in the js files.
This starts the concept of a schema checker, similar to
zerver/lib/validator.py on the server. We can use this
to validate incoming data. Our server should filter most
of our incoming data, but it's useful to have client-side
checking to defend against things like upgrade
regressions (i.e. what if we change the name of the field
on the server side without updating all client uses).