This removes a bunch of out-of-date documentation which is better
addressed outside of Zulip, and provides more details on running a
PostgreSQL server on a separate host.
`--no-init-db` is used to silence the need for `--hostname` and
`--email` arguments; it is a proxy for "this is not a frontend host."
We would ideally like to use `has_class` to know if the user's
provided puppet classes are include an `app_frontend`, and thus
`--hostname` and `--email` are required -- but doing that requires
several other steps, and we would like this feedback to be immediate.
We make the presence of `--puppet-classes` equivalent to
`--no-init-db`, since nearly every configuration with
`--puppet-classes` does not install both a database and a frontend,
which is what is required to initialize a database.
- Makes "Deployment options" easier to navigate by splitting the
"Reverse proxies" and "System configuration" sections out into
dedicated pages.
Fixes#28928.
nginx sets the value of the `$http_host` variable to the empty string
when using http/3, as there is technically no `Host:` header sent:
https://github.com/nginx-quic/nginx-quic/issues/3
Users with a browser that support http/3 will send their first request
to nginx with http/2, and get an expected HTTP 200 -- but any
subsequent requests will fail with am HTTP 400, since the browser will
have upgraded to http/3, which has an empty `Host` header, which Zulip
rejects.
Switch to the `$host` variable, which works for all HTTP versions.
Co-authored-by: Alex Vandiver <alexmv@zulip.com>
Previously, `X-Forwarded-Proto` did not need to be set, and failure to
set `loadbalancer.ips` would merely result in bad IP-address
rate-limiting and incorrect access logs; after 0935d388f0, however,
failure to do either of those, if Zulip is deployed with `http_only`,
will lead to infinite redirect loops after login. These are
accompanied by a misleading error, from Tornado, of:
Forbidden (Origin checking failed - https://zulip.example.com does not match any trusted origins.): /json/events
This is most common with Docker deployments, where deployments use
another docker container, such as nginx or Traefik, to do SSL
termination. See zulip/docker-zulip#403.
Update the documentation to reinforce that `loadbalancer.ips` also
controls trust of `X-Forwarded-Proto`, and that failure to set it will
cause the application to not function correctly.
04cf68b45e make nginx responsible for downloading (and caching)
files from S3. As noted in that commit, nginx implements its own
non-blocking DNS resolver, since the base syscall is blocking, so
requires an explicit nameserver configuration. That commit used
127.0.0.53, which is provided by systemd-resolved, as the resolver.
However, that service may not always be enabled and running, and may
in fact not even be installed (e.g. on Docker). Switch to parsing
`/etc/resolv.conf` and using the first-provided nameserver. In many
deployments, this will still be `127.0.0.53`, but for others it will
provide a working DNS server which is external to the host.
In the event that a server is misconfigured and has no resolvers in
`/etc/resolv.conf`, it will error out:
```console
Error: Evaluation Error: Error while evaluating a Function Call, No nameservers found in /etc/resolv.conf! Configure one by setting application_server.nameserver in /etc/zulip/zulip.conf (file: /home/zulip/deployments/current/puppet/zulip/manifests/app_frontend_base.pp, line: 76, column: 70) on node example.zulipdev.org
```
Django 4.0 and higher began checking the `Origin` header, which made
it important that Zulip know accurately if the request came over HTTPS
or HTTP; failure to do so would result in "CSRF verification failed"
errors.
For Zulip servers which are accessed via proxies, this means that
`X-Fowarded-Proto` must be set accurately. Adjust the documentation
for the suggested configurations to add the header.
Fixes: #24599.
Co-authored-by: Alex Vandiver <alexmv@zulip.com>
1c76036c61 raised the number of `minfds` in Supervisor from 40k to
1M. If Supervisor cannot guarantee that number of available file
descriptors, it will fail to start; `/etc/security/limits.conf` was
hence adjusted upwards as well. However, on some virtualized
environments, including Proxmox LXC, setting
`/etc/security/limits.conf` may not be enough to raise the
system-level limits. This causes `supervisord` with the larger
`minfds` to fail to start.
The limit of 1000000 was chosen to be arbitrarily high, assuming it
came without cost; it is not expected to ever be reached on any
deployment. 262b19346e already lowered one aspect of that
changeset, upon determining it did come with a cost. Potentially
breaking virtualized deployments during upgrade is another cost of
that change.
Lower the `minfds` it back down to 40k, partially reverting
1c76036c61, but allow adjusting it upwards for extremely large
deployments. We do not expect any except the largest deployments to
ever hit the 40k limit, and a frictionless deployment for the
vanishingly small number of huge deployments is not worth the
potential upgrade hiccups for the much more frequent smaller
deployments.
Instead of copying over a mostly-unchanged `postgresql.conf`, we
transition to deploying a `conf.d/zulip.conf` which contains the
only material changes we made to the file, which were previously
appended to the end.
While shipping separate while `postgresql.conf` files for each
supported version is useful if there is large variety in supported
options between versions, there is not no such variation at current,
and the burden of overriding the entire default configuration is that
it must be keep up to date wit the package's version.
Taking backups on the database primary adds additional disk load,
which can impact the performance of the application.
Switch to taking backups on replicas, if they exist. Some deployments
may have multiple replicas, and taking backups on all of them is
wasteful and potentially confusing; add a flag to inhibit taking
nightly snapshots on the host.
If the deployment is a single instance of PostgreSQL, with no
replicas, it takes backups as before, modulo the extra flag to allow
skipping taking them.
Since logrotate runs in a daily cron, this practically means "daily,
but only if it's larger than 500M." For large installs with large
traffic, this is effectively daily for 10 days; for small installs, it
is an unknown amount of time.
Switch to daily logfiles, defaulting to 14 days to match nginx; this
can be overridden using a zulip.conf setting. This makes it easier to
ensure that access logs are only kept for a bounded period of time.
Increasing worker_connections has a memory cost, unlike the rest of
the changes in 1c76036c61d8; setting it to 1 million caused nginx to
consume several GB of memory.
Reduce the default down to 10k, and allow deploys to configure it up
if necessary. `worker_rlimit_nofile` is left at 1M, since it has no
impact on memory consumption.
These hooks are run immediately around the critical section of the
upgrade. If the upgrade fails for preparatory reasons, the pre-deploy
hook may not be run; if it fails during the upgrade, the post-deploy
hook will not be run. Hooks are called from the CWD of the new
deploy, with arguments of the old version and the new version. If
they exit with non-0 exit code, the deploy aborts.
- Renames "Customize Zulip" to "Server configuration".
- Cross-links "Server configuration" with "System and deployment
configuration".
Fixes part of #23984.
The `postfix.mailname` setting in `/etc/zulip.conf` was previously
only used for incoming mail, to identify in Postfix configuration
which messages were "local."
Also set `/etc/mailname`, which is used by Postfix to set how it
identifies to other hosts when sending outgoing email.
Co-authored-by: Alex Vandiver <alexmv@zulip.com>
When file uploads are stored in S3, this means that Zulip serves as a
302 to S3. Because browsers do not cache redirects, this means that
no image contents can be cached -- and upon every page load or reload,
every recently-posted image must be re-fetched. This incurs extra
load on the Zulip server, as well as potentially excessive bandwidth
usage from S3, and on the client's connection.
Switch to fetching the content from S3 in nginx, and serving the
content from nginx. These have `Cache-control: private, immutable`
headers set on the response, allowing browsers to cache them locally.
Because nginx fetching from S3 can be slow, and requests for uploads
will generally be bunched around when a message containing them are
first posted, we instruct nginx to cache the contents locally. This
is safe because uploaded file contents are immutable; access control
is still mediated by Django. The nginx cache key is the URL without
query parameters, as those parameters include a time-limited signed
authentication parameter which lets nginx fetch the non-public file.
This adds a number of nginx-level configuration parameters to control
the caching which nginx performs, including the amount of in-memory
index for he cache, the maximum storage of the cache on disk, and how
long data is retained in the cache. The currently-chosen figures are
reasonable for small to medium deployments.
The most notable effect of this change is in allowing browsers to
cache uploaded image content; however, while there will be many fewer
requests, it also has an improvement on request latency. The
following tests were done with a non-AWS client in SFO, a server and
S3 storage in us-east-1, and with 100 requests after 10 requests of
warm-up (to fill the nginx cache). The mean and standard deviation
are shown.
| | Redirect to S3 | Caching proxy, hot | Caching proxy, cold |
| ----------------- | ------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------- |
| Time in Django | 263.0 ms ± 28.3 ms | 258.0 ms ± 12.3 ms | 258.0 ms ± 12.3 ms |
| Small file (842b) | 586.1 ms ± 21.1 ms | 266.1 ms ± 67.4 ms | 288.6 ms ± 17.7 ms |
| Large file (660k) | 959.6 ms ± 137.9 ms | 609.5 ms ± 13.0 ms | 648.1 ms ± 43.2 ms |
The hot-cache performance is faster for both large and small files,
since it saves the client the time having to make a second request to
a separate host. This performance improvement remains at least 100ms
even if the client is on the same coast as the server.
Cold nginx caches are only slightly slower than hot caches, because
VPC access to S3 endpoints is extremely fast (assuming it is in the
same region as the host), and nginx can pool connections to S3 and
reuse them.
However, all of the 648ms taken to serve a cold-cache large file is
occupied in nginx, as opposed to the only 263ms which was spent in
nginx when using redirects to S3. This means that to overall spend
less time responding to uploaded-file requests in nginx, clients will
need to find files in their local cache, and skip making an
uploaded-file request, at least 60% of the time. Modeling shows a
reduction in the number of client requests by about 70% - 80%.
The `Content-Disposition` header logic can now also be entirely shared
with the local-file codepath, as can the `url_only` path used by
mobile clients. While we could provide the direct-to-S3 temporary
signed URL to mobile clients, we choose to provide the
served-from-Zulip signed URL, to better control caching headers on it,
and greater consistency. In doing so, we adjust the salt used for the
URL; since these URLs are only valid for 60s, the effect of this salt
change is minimal.
Moving `/user_avatars/` to being served partially through Django
removes the need for the `no_serve_uploads` nginx reconfiguring when
switching between S3 and local backends. This is important because a
subsequent commit will move S3 attachments to being served through
nginx, which would make `no_serve_uploads` entirely nonsensical of a
name.
Serve the files through Django, with an offload for the actual image
response to an internal nginx route. In development, serve the files
directly in Django.
We do _not_ mark the contents as immutable for caching purposes, since
the path for avatar images is hashed only by their user-id and a salt,
and as such are reused when a user's avatar is updated.
The default value in uwsgi is 4k; receiving more than this amount from
nginx leads to a 502 response (though, happily, the backend uwsgi does not
terminate).
ab18dbfde5 originally increased it from the unstated uwsgi default
of 4096, to 8192; b1da797955 made it configurable, in order to allow
requests from clients with many cookies, without causing 502's[1].
nginx defaults to a limitation of 1k, with 4 additional 8k header
lines allowed[2]; any request larger than that returns a response of
`400 Request Header Or Cookie Too Large`. The largest header size
theoretically possible from nginx, by default, is thus 33k, though
that would require packing four separate headers to exactly 8k each.
Remove the gap between nginx's limit and uwsgi's, which could trigger
502s, by removing the uwsgi configurability, and setting a 64k size in
uwsgi (the max allowable), which is larger than nginx's default limit.
uWSGI's documentation of `buffer-size` ([3], [4]) also notes that "It
is a security measure too, so adapt to your app needs instead of
maxing it out." Python has no security issues with buffers of 64k,
and there is no appreciable memory footprint difference to having a
larger buffer available in uwsgi.
[1]: https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/31-production-help/topic/works.20in.20Edge.20not.20Chrome/near/719523
[2]: https://nginx.org/en/docs/http/ngx_http_core_module.html#client_header_buffer_size
[3]: https://uwsgi-docs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ThingsToKnow.html
[4]: https://uwsgi-docs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/Options.html#buffer-size
Backups are written every 16k of WAL archive, and by default do not
have an upper limit on how out of date they are, as `archive_timeout`
defaults to 0.
Also emphasize that these are streaming backups, not just one
point-in-time backup daily.
Fixes#21976.
Notable changes:
- Describe `X-Forwarded-For` by name.
- Switch each specific proxy to numbered steps.
- Link back to the `X-Forwarded-For` section in each proxy
- Default to using HTTPS, not HTTP, for the backend.
- Include the HTTP-to-HTTPS redirect code for all proxies; it is
important that it happen at the proxy, as the backend is unaware of
it.
- Call out Apache2 modules which are necessary.
- Specify where the dhparam.pem file can be found.
- Call out the `Host:` header forwarding necessary, and document
`USE_X_FORWARDED_HOST` if that is not possible.
- Standardize on 20 minutes of connection timeout.
When the credentials are provided by dint of being run on an EC2
instance with an assigned Role, we must be able to fetch the instance
metadata from IMDS -- which is precisely the type of internal-IP
request that Smokescreen denies.
While botocore supports a `proxies` argument to the `Config` object,
this is not actually respected when making the IMDS queries; only the
environment variables are read from. See
https://github.com/boto/botocore/issues/2644
As such, implement S3_SKIP_PROXY by monkey-patching the
`botocore.utils.should_bypass_proxies` function, to allow requests to
IMDS to be made without Smokescreen impeding them.
Fixes#20715.
Anders Kaseorg
Lauryn Menard
Alex Vandiver
Tim Abbott
Alya Abbott
David Rosa
n0099
Toyam Cox
Tran Sang