diff --git a/zerver/lib/email_mirror.py b/zerver/lib/email_mirror.py
index aa1250c229..5c5e8e9822 100644
--- a/zerver/lib/email_mirror.py
+++ b/zerver/lib/email_mirror.py
@@ -326,4 +326,4 @@ def process_message(message, rcpt_to=None, pre_checked=False):
             process_stream_message(to, subject, message, debug_info)
     except ZulipEmailForwardError as e:
         # TODO: notify sender of error, retry if appropriate.
-        log_and_report(message, e.message, debug_info)
+        log_and_report(message, str(e), debug_info)
diff --git a/zerver/lib/handlers.py b/zerver/lib/handlers.py
index db9dfba026..f2ccfa9ac0 100644
--- a/zerver/lib/handlers.py
+++ b/zerver/lib/handlers.py
@@ -41,10 +41,10 @@ def finish_handler(handler_id, event_queue_id, contents, apply_markdown):
                                   queue_id=event_queue_id),
                              request, apply_markdown=apply_markdown)
     except IOError as e:
-        if e.message != 'Stream is closed':
+        if str(e) != 'Stream is closed':
             logging.exception(err_msg)
     except AssertionError as e:
-        if e.message != 'Request closed':
+        if str(e) != 'Request closed':
             logging.exception(err_msg)
     except Exception:
         logging.exception(err_msg)
diff --git a/zerver/tests/test_email_mirror.py b/zerver/tests/test_email_mirror.py
index 5049d7629f..6519f017d6 100644
--- a/zerver/tests/test_email_mirror.py
+++ b/zerver/tests/test_email_mirror.py
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ from zerver.lib.test_helpers import (
     AuthedTestCase,
     most_recent_message,
     most_recent_usermessage,
-    skip_py3,
 )
 
 from zerver.models import (
@@ -67,7 +66,6 @@ class TestStreamEmailMessagesSuccess(AuthedTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(message.subject, incoming_valid_message['Subject'])
 
 class TestStreamEmailMessagesEmptyBody(AuthedTestCase):
-    @skip_py3
     def test_receive_stream_email_messages_empty_body(self):
 
         # build dummy messages for stream
@@ -101,7 +99,7 @@ class TestStreamEmailMessagesEmptyBody(AuthedTestCase):
                 debug_info)
         except ZulipEmailForwardError as e:
             # empty body throws exception
-            exception_message = e.message
+            exception_message = str(e)
         self.assertEqual(exception_message, "Unable to find plaintext or HTML message body")
 
 class TestMissedPersonalMessageEmailMessages(AuthedTestCase):
diff --git a/zerver/views/webhooks/airbrake.py b/zerver/views/webhooks/airbrake.py
index 04fa08f0ba..563b211311 100644
--- a/zerver/views/webhooks/airbrake.py
+++ b/zerver/views/webhooks/airbrake.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ def api_airbrake_webhook(request, user_profile, client, payload=REQ(argument_typ
         subject = get_subject(payload)
         body = get_body(payload)
     except KeyError as e:
-        return json_error(_("Missing key {} in JSON").format(e.message))
+        return json_error(_("Missing key {} in JSON").format(str(e)))
 
     check_send_message(user_profile, client, 'stream', [stream], subject, body)
     return json_success()
diff --git a/zerver/views/webhooks/bitbucket2.py b/zerver/views/webhooks/bitbucket2.py
index 58893a4768..80e3e81d18 100644
--- a/zerver/views/webhooks/bitbucket2.py
+++ b/zerver/views/webhooks/bitbucket2.py
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def api_bitbucket2_webhook(request, user_profile, client, payload=REQ(argument_t
         type = get_type(request, payload)
         body = get_body_based_on_type(type)(payload)
     except KeyError as e:
-        return json_error(_("Missing key {} in JSON").format(e.message))
+        return json_error(_("Missing key {} in JSON").format(str(e)))
 
     check_send_message(user_profile, client, 'stream', [stream], subject, body)
     return json_success()
diff --git a/zerver/views/webhooks/codeship.py b/zerver/views/webhooks/codeship.py
index d0fc3a3ebd..7bf1a87e86 100644
--- a/zerver/views/webhooks/codeship.py
+++ b/zerver/views/webhooks/codeship.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ def api_codeship_webhook(request, user_profile, client, payload=REQ(argument_typ
         subject = get_subject_for_http_request(payload)
         body = get_body_for_http_request(payload)
     except KeyError as e:
-        return json_error(_("Missing key {} in JSON").format(e.message))
+        return json_error(_("Missing key {} in JSON").format(str(e)))
 
     check_send_message(user_profile, client, 'stream', [stream], subject, body)
     return json_success()
diff --git a/zerver/views/webhooks/crashlytics.py b/zerver/views/webhooks/crashlytics.py
index be9889e669..ac3b4e1e5d 100644
--- a/zerver/views/webhooks/crashlytics.py
+++ b/zerver/views/webhooks/crashlytics.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ def api_crashlytics_webhook(request, user_profile, client, payload=REQ(argument_
             url=issue_body['url']
         )
     except KeyError as e:
-        return json_error(_("Missing key {} in JSON".format(e.message)))
+        return json_error(_("Missing key {} in JSON".format(str(e))))
 
     check_send_message(user_profile, client, 'stream', [stream],
                        subject, body)
diff --git a/zerver/views/webhooks/semaphore.py b/zerver/views/webhooks/semaphore.py
index c6665ad0c1..90c6a5ddfc 100644
--- a/zerver/views/webhooks/semaphore.py
+++ b/zerver/views/webhooks/semaphore.py
@@ -34,14 +34,14 @@ def api_semaphore_webhook(request, user_profile, client,
         author_email = payload["commit"]["author_email"]
         message = payload["commit"]["message"]
     except KeyError as e:
-        return json_error(_("Missing key %s in JSON") % (e.message,))
+        return json_error(_("Missing key %s in JSON") % (str(e),))
 
     if event == "build":
         try:
             build_url = payload["build_url"]
             build_number = payload["build_number"]
         except KeyError as e:
-            return json_error(_("Missing key %s in JSON") % (e.message,))
+            return json_error(_("Missing key %s in JSON") % (str(e),))
         content = u"[build %s](%s): %s\n" % (build_number, build_url, result)
 
     elif event == "deploy":
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ def api_semaphore_webhook(request, user_profile, client,
             deploy_number = payload["number"]
             server_name = payload["server_name"]
         except KeyError as e:
-            return json_error(_("Missing key %s in JSON") % (e.message,))
+            return json_error(_("Missing key %s in JSON") % (str(e),))
         content = u"[deploy %s](%s) of [build %s](%s) on server %s: %s\n" % \
                   (deploy_number, deploy_url, build_number, build_url, server_name, result)
 
diff --git a/zerver/views/webhooks/stash.py b/zerver/views/webhooks/stash.py
index e67ebc6d90..15b9d708cd 100644
--- a/zerver/views/webhooks/stash.py
+++ b/zerver/views/webhooks/stash.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ def api_stash_webhook(request, user_profile, payload=REQ(argument_type='body'),
                        entry in commit_entries]
         head_ref = commit_entries[-1]["toCommit"]["displayId"]
     except KeyError as e:
-        return json_error(_("Missing key %s in JSON") % (e.message,))
+        return json_error(_("Missing key %s in JSON") % (str(e),))
 
     subject = "%s/%s: %s" % (project_name, repo_name, branch_name)
 
diff --git a/zerver/views/webhooks/updown.py b/zerver/views/webhooks/updown.py
index 003aba0452..c3b9678dac 100644
--- a/zerver/views/webhooks/updown.py
+++ b/zerver/views/webhooks/updown.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ def send_message_for_event(event, user_profile, client, stream):
         subject = SUBJECT_TEMPLATE.format(service_url=event['check']['url'])
         body = EVENT_TYPE_BODY_MAPPER[event_type](event)
     except KeyError as e:
-        return json_error(_("Missing key {} in JSON").format(e.message))
+        return json_error(_("Missing key {} in JSON").format(str(e)))
     check_send_message(user_profile, client, 'stream', [stream], subject, body)
 
 def get_body_for_up_event(event):