docs: Merge "Backups" with export-and-import.

- Merges the "Backups" section from production/maintain-secure-upgrade.md
  with existing "Backups" section in production/export-and-import.md.
- Cleans up and makes content more clear/explicit.
- Adds short missing section on how to use wal-e configuration.
- Removes a lot of previously duplicate text explaining the difference between
  the tools.
- Various textual tweaks by tabbott.

Fixes #13184 and resolves #293.
This commit is contained in:
David Rosa 2019-09-24 16:58:20 -07:00 committed by Tim Abbott
parent 2f5f23ecc6
commit dc5dbcbee3
4 changed files with 274 additions and 253 deletions

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@ -1,49 +1,270 @@
# Export and import
# Backups, export and import
Zulip has high quality export and import tools that can be used to move data
from one Zulip server to another, do backups or compliance work, or migrate
from your own servers to the hosted Zulip Cloud service.
Zulip has high quality export and import tools that can be used to
move data from one Zulip server to another, do backups, compliance
work, or migrate from your own servers to the hosted Zulip Cloud
service (or back):
When using these tools, it's important to ensure that the Zulip server
you're exporting from and the one you're exporting to are running the
same version of Zulip, since we do change and extend the format from
time to time.
* The [Backup](#backups) tool is designed for exact restoration of a
Zulip server's state, for disaster recovery, testing with production
data, or hardware migration. This tool has a few limitations:
* Backups must be restored on a server running the same Zulip
version (most precisely, one where `manage.py showmigrations` has
the same output).
* Backups must be restored on a server running the same `postgres`
version.
* Migrating organizations between self-hosting and Zulip Cloud
(generally requires renumbering all the
users/messages/etc.).
We highly recommend this tool in situations where it is applicable,
because it is highly optimized and highly stable, since the hard wor
k is done by the built-in backup feature of `postgres`. We also
document [backup details](#backup-details) for users managing
backups manually.
* The logical [Data export](#data-export) tool is designed for
migrating data between Zulip Cloud and other Zulip servers, as well
as various auditing purposes. The logical export tool produces a
`.tar.gz` archive with most of the Zulip database data encoded in
JSON filesa format shared by our [data
import]((#import-into-a-new-zulip-server) ) tools for third-party
services like
[Slack](https://zulipchat.com/help/import-from-slack).
Like the backup tool, logical data exports must be imported on a
Zulip server running the same version. However, these exports
imported on Zulip servers running a different `postgres` version or
hosting a different set of Zulip organizations. We recommend this
tool in cases where the backup tool isn't applicable, including
situations where an easily machine-parsable export format is desired.
* Zulip also has an [HTML archive
tool](https://github.com/zulip/zulip_archive), which is primarily
intended for public archives, but can also be useful to
inexpensively preserve public stream conversations when
decommissioning a Zulip organization.
* It's possible to setup [postgres streaming
replication](#postgres-streaming-replication) and the [S3 file
upload
backend](../production/upload-backends.html#s3-backend-configuration)
as part of a high evailability environment.
## Backups
If you want to move hardware for a self-hosted Zulip installation, we
recommend Zulip's
[database-level backup and restoration process][backups] for a better
experience. Zulip's database-level backup process is faster,
structurally very unlikely to ever develop bugs, and will restore your
Zulip server to the exact state it was left in. The big thing it
can't do is support a migration to a server hosting a different set of
organizations than the original one, e.g. migrations between
self-hosting and Zulip Cloud (because doing so in the general case
requires renumbering all the users/messages/etc.).
The Zulip server has a built-in backup tool:
Zulip's export/import tools (documented on this page) have full
support for such a renumbering process. While these tools are
carefully designed and tested to make various classes of bugs
impossible or unlikely, the extra complexity required for renumbering
makes them structurally more risky than the direct postgres backup
process.
```
# As the zulip user
/home/zulip/deployments/current/manage.py backup
# Or as root
su zulip -c '/home/zulip/deployments/current/manage.py backup'
```
[backups]: ../production/maintain-secure-upgrade.html#backups
The backup tool provides the following options:
- `--output`: Path where the output file should be stored. If no path is
provided, the output file would be saved to a temporary directory.
- `--skip-db`: Skip backup of the database. Useful if you're using a
remote postgres host with its own backup system and just need to
backup non-database state.
- `--skip-uploads`: If `LOCAL_UPLOADS_DIR` is set, user-uploaded files
in that directory will be ignored.
## Preventing changes during the export
This will generate a `.tar.gz` archive containing all the data stored
on your Zulip server that would be needed to restore your Zulip
server's state on another machine perfectly.
### Restoring backups
First, [install a new Zulip server through Step 3][install-server]
with the same version of both the base OS and Zulip from your previous
installation. Then, run as root:
```
/home/zulip/deployments/current/scripts/setup/restore-backup /path/to/backup
```
When that finishes, your Zulip server should be fully operational again.
#### Changing the hostname
It's common, when testing backup restoration, to restore backups with a
different user-facing hostname than the original server to avoid
disrupting service (e.g. `zuliptest.example.com` rather than
`zulip.example.com`).
If you do so, just like any other time you change the hostname, you'll
need to [update `EXTERNAL_HOST`](../production/settings.md) and then
restart the Zulip server (after backup restoration completes).
Until you do, your Zulip server will think its user-facing hostname is
still `zulip.example.com` and will return HTTP `400 BAD REQUEST`
errors when trying to access it via `zuliptest.example.com`.
#### Inspecting a backup tarball
If you're not sure what versions were in use when a given backup was
created, you can get that information via the files in the backup
tarball: `postgres-version`, `os-version`, and `zulip-version`. The
following command may be useful for viewing these files without
extracting the entire archive.
```
tar -Oaxf /path/to/archive/zulip-backup-rest.tar.gz zulip-backup/zulip-version
```
[install-server]: ../production/install.md
### What is included
Backups contain everything you need to fully restore your Zulip
server, including the database, settings, secrets from
`/etc/zulip`, and user-uploaded files stored on the Zulip server.
The following data is not included in these backup archives,
and you may want to backup separately:
* The server access/error logs from `/var/log/zulip`. The Zulip
server only appends to logs, and they can be very large compared to
the rest of the data for a Zulip server.
* Files uploaded with the Zulip
[S3 file upload backend](../production/upload-backends.md). We
don't include these for two reasons. First, the uploaded file data
in S3 can easily be many times larger than the rest of the backup,
and downloading it all to a server doing a backup could easily
exceed its disk capacity. Additionally, S3 is a reliable persistent
storage system with its own high-quality tools for doing backups.
* Transient data present in Zulip's RabbitMQ queues. For example, a
record that a missed-message email for a given Zulip message is
scheduled to be sent to a given user in 2 minutes, if the recipient
user doesn't interact with Zulip during that time window. You can
check their status using `rabbitmq list_queues` as root.
* Certain highly transient state that Zulip doesn't store in a
database, such as typing status, API rate-limiting counters,
etc. that would have no value 1 minute after the backup is
completed.
* SSL certificates. Since these are particularly security-sensitive
and either trivially replaced (if generated via Certbot) or provided
by the system administrator.
#### Backup details
This section is primarily for users managing backups themselves
(E.g. if they're using a remote postgres database with an existing
backup strategy), and also serves as documentation for what is
included in the backups generated by Zulip's standard tools. The
data includes:
* The postgres database. You can back it up like any postgres
database. We have some example tooling for doing that incrementally
into S3 using [wal-e](https://github.com/wal-e/wal-e) in
`puppet/zulip_ops/manifests/postgres_common.pp`.
In short, this requires:
- Zulip 1.4 or newer release.
- An Amazon S3 bucket for storing the backups.
- `/etc/zulip/zulip-secrets.conf` on the postgres server like this:
```
[secrets]
s3_backups_key = # aws public key
s3_backups_secret_key = # aws secret key
s3_backups_bucket = # name of S3 backup
```
- A cron job to run `/usr/local/bin/pg_backup_and_purge.py`. There's puppet
config for this in `puppet/zulip_internal/manifests/postgres_common.pp`.
- Verification that backups are running via
`/usr/lib/nagios/plugins/zulip_postgres_common/check_postgres_backup`.
* Any user-uploaded files. If you're using S3 as storage for file
uploads, this is backed up in S3. But if you have instead set
`LOCAL_UPLOADS_DIR`, any files uploaded by users (including avatars)
will be stored in that directory and you'll want to back it up.
* Your Zulip configuration including secrets from `/etc/zulip/`.
E.g. if you lose the value of `secret_key`, all users will need to
login again when you setup a replacement server since you won't be
able to verify their cookies. If you lose `avatar_salt`, any
user-uploaded avatars will need to be re-uploaded (since avatar
filenames are computed using a hash of `avatar_salt` and user's
email), etc.
[export-import]: ../production/export-and-import.md
### Restore from manual backups
To restore from a manual backup, the process is basically the reverse of the above:
* Install new server as normal by downloading a Zulip release tarball
and then using `scripts/setup/install`. You don't need
to run the `initialize-database` second stage which puts default
data into the database.
* Unpack to `/etc/zulip` the `settings.py` and `zulip-secrets.conf` files
from your backups.
* Restore your database from the backup using `wal-e`. If you ran
`initialize-database` anyway above, you'll want to run
`scripts/setup/postgres-init-db` to drop the initial database first.
* Reconfigure rabbitmq to use the password from `secrets.conf`
by running, as root, `scripts/setup/configure-rabbitmq`.
* If you're using local file uploads, restore those files to the path
specified by `settings.LOCAL_UPLOADS_DIR` and (if appropriate) any
logs.
* Start the server using `scripts/restart-server`.
This restoration process can also be used to migrate a Zulip
installation from one server to another.
We recommend running a disaster recovery after setting up your backups to
confirm that your backups are working. You may also want to monitor
that they are up to date using the Nagios plugin at:
`puppet/zulip_ops/files/nagios_plugins/check_postgres_backup`.
## Postgres streaming replication
Zulip has database configuration for using Postgres streaming
replication. You can see the configuration in these files:
* `puppet/zulip_ops/manifests/postgres_slave.pp`
* `puppet/zulip_ops/manifests/postgres_master.pp`
* `puppet/zulip_ops/files/postgresql/*`
We use this configuration for zulipchat.com, and it works well in
production, but it's not fully generic. Contributions to make it a
supported and documented option for other installations are
appreciated.
## Data export
Zulip's powerful data export tool is designed to handle migration of a
Zulip organization between different hardware platforms; as a result,
these exports contain all non-transient data for a Zulip organization,
with the exception of passwords and API keys.
We recommend using the [backup tool](#backups) if your primary goal is
backups.
### Preventing changes during the export
For best results, you'll want to shut down access to the organization
before exporting, so that nobody can send new messages (etc.) while
before exporting; so that nobody can send new messages (etc.) while
you're exporting data. There are two ways to do this:
1. `supervisorctl stop all`, which stops the whole server. This is
preferred if you're not hosting multiple organizations, because it has
no side effects other than disabling the Zulip server for the
duration.
1. `manage.py deactivate_realm`, which deactivates the target
1. `manage.py deactivate_realm -r 'target_org'`, which deactivates the target
organization, logging out all active login sessions and preventing all
accounts in the from logging in or accessing the API. This is
accounts from logging in or accessing the API. This is
preferred for environments like Zulip Cloud where you might want to
export a single organization without disrupting any other users, and
the intent is to move hosting of the organization (and forcing users
@ -55,15 +276,15 @@ that neither runs (using the `# ` at the start of the lines). If
you'd like to use one of these options, remove the `# ` at the start
of the lines for the appropriate option.
## Export your Zulip data
### Export your Zulip data
Log in to a shell on your Zulip server as the `zulip` user. Run the
following commands:
```
cd /home/zulip/deployments/current
# ./manage.py deactivate_realm -r '' # Deactivates the organization
# supervisorctl stop all # Stops the Zulip server
# ./manage.py deactivate_realm -r '' # Deactivates the organization
./manage.py export -r '' # Exports the data
```
@ -77,32 +298,31 @@ archive of all the organization's uploaded files.
## Import into a new Zulip server
(1.) [Install a new Zulip server](../production/install.md),
skipping "Step 3: Create a Zulip organization, and log in" (you'll
create your Zulip organization via the data import tool instead).
(1a.) Ensure that the Zulip server you're importing into is running the same
1. [Install a new Zulip server](../production/install.md),
**skipping Step 3** (you'll create your Zulip organization via the data
import tool instead).
* Ensure that the Zulip server you're importing into is running the same
version of Zulip as the server you're exporting from.
For exports from zulipchat.com, run the following:
* For exports from zulipchat.com, run the following:
```
/home/zulip/deployments/current/scripts/upgrade-zulip-from-git master
```
Note that if your server has 2GB of RAM or less, you'll want to read the detailed instructions
[here][upgrade-zulip-from-git].
* Note that if your server has 2GB of RAM or less, you'll want to read the
detailed instructions [here][upgrade-zulip-from-git].
It is not sufficient to be on the latest stable release, as zulipchat.com is
often several months of development ahead of the latest release.
(2.) If your new Zulip server is meant to fully replace a previous Zulip
2. If your new Zulip server is meant to fully replace a previous Zulip
server, you may want to copy the contents of `/etc/zulip` to your new
server to reuse the server-level configuration and
secret keys from your old server. See our
[documentation on backups][backups] for details on the contents of
[documentation on backups](#backups) for details on the contents of
this directory.
(3.) Log in to a shell on your Zulip server as the `zulip` user. Run the
3. Log in to a shell on your Zulip server as the `zulip` user. Run the
following commands, replacing the filename with the path to your data
export tarball:
@ -115,12 +335,12 @@ cd /home/zulip/deployments/current
# ./manage.py reactivate_realm -r '' # Reactivates the organization
```
This could take several minutes to run, depending on how much data you're
This could take several minutes to run depending on how much data you're
importing.
[upgrade-zulip-from-git]: ../production/maintain-secure-upgrade.html#upgrading-from-a-git-repository
**Import options**
#### Import options
The commands above create an imported organization on the root domain
(`EXTERNAL_HOST`) of the Zulip installation. You can also import into a
@ -133,13 +353,13 @@ root domain. Replace the last two lines above with the following, after replacin
./manage.py reactivate_realm -r <subdomain> # Reactivates the organization
```
## Logging in
### Logging in
Once the import completes, all your users will have accounts in your
new Zulip organization, but those accounts won't have passwords yet
(since for security reasons, passwords are not exported).
Your users will need to either authenticate using something like
Google auth, or start by resetting their passwords.
Google auth or start by resetting their passwords.
You can use the `./manage.py send_password_reset_email` command to
send password reset emails to your users. We
@ -156,7 +376,7 @@ and then once you're ready, you can email them to everyone using e.g.
(replace `''` with your subdomain if you're using one).
## Deleting and re-importing
### Deleting and re-importing
If you did a test import of a Zulip organization, you may want to
delete the test import data from your Zulip server before doing a

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@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ and return to the import instructions.
[hipchat-import]: https://zulipchat.com/help/import-from-hipchat
[slack-import]: https://zulipchat.com/help/import-from-slack
[zulip-backups]: ../production/maintain-secure-upgrade.html#backups
[zulip-backups]: ../production/export-and-import.html#backups
Otherwise, open the link in a browser. Follow the prompts to set up
your organization, and your own user account as an administrator.

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@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ secure Zulip installation, including:
- [Upgrading](#upgrading)
- [Upgrading from a git repository](#upgrading-from-a-git-repository)
- [Upgrading the operating system](#upgrading-the-operating-system)
- [Backups](#backups)
- [Monitoring](#monitoring)
- [Scalability](#scalability)
- [Management commands](#management-commands)
@ -369,204 +368,6 @@ That last command will finish by restarting your Zulip server; you
should now be able to navigate to its URL and confirm everything is
working correctly.
## Backups
Starting with Zulip 2.0, Zulip has a built-in backup tool:
```
# As the zulip user
/home/zulip/deployments/current/manage.py backup
# Or as root
su zulip -c '/home/zulip/deployments/current/manage.py backup'
```
The backup tool provides the following options:
- `--output`: Path where the output file should be stored. If no path is
provided, the output file would be saved to a temporary directory.
- `--skip-db`: If set, the tool will skip the backup of your database.
- `--skip-uploads`: If set, the tool will skip the backup of the uploads.
This will generate a `.tar.gz` archive containing all the data stored
on your Zulip server that would be needed to restore your Zulip
server's state on another machine perfectly.
### Restoring backups
Backups generated using the Zulip 2.0 backup tool can be restored as
follows.
First, [install a new Zulip server through Step 3][install-server]
with the version of both the base OS and Zulip from your previous
installation. Then, run as root:
```
/home/zulip/deployments/current/scripts/setup/restore-backup /path/to/backup
```
When that finishes, your Zulip server should be fully operational again.
#### Changing the hostname
It's common when testing backup restoration to restore backups with a
different user-facing hostname than the original server to avoid
disrupting service (e.g. `zuliptest.example.com` rather than
`zulip.example.com`).
If you do so, just like any other time you change the hostname, you'll
need to [update `EXTERNAL_HOST`](../production/settings.md) and then
restart the Zulip server (after backup restoration completes).
Until you do, your Zulip server will think its user-facing hostname is
still `zulip.example.com` and will return HTTP `400 BAD REQUEST`
errors when trying to access it via `zuliptest.example.com`.
#### Inspecting a backup tarball
If you're not sure what versions were in use when a given backup was
created, you can get that information via the files in the backup
tarball `postgres-version`, `os-version`, and `zulip-version`. The
following command may be useful for viewing these files without
extracting the entire archive.
```
tar -Oaxf /path/to/archive/zulip-backup-rest.tar.gz zulip-backup/zulip-version
```
[install-server]: ../production/install.md
### What is included
Zulip's backup tools includes everything you need to fully restore
your Zulip server from a user perspective.
The following data present on a Zulip server is not included in these
backup archives, and you may want to backup separately:
* Transient data present in Zulip's RabbitMQ queues. For example, a
record that a missed-message email for a given Zulip message is
scheduled to be sent to a given user in 2 minutes if the recipient
user doesn't interact with Zulip during that time window. You can
check their status using `rabbitmq list_queues` as root.
* Certain highly transient state that Zulip doesn't store in a
database, such as typing status, API rate-limiting counters,
etc. that would have no value 1 minute after the backup is
completed.
* The server access/error logs from `/var/log/zulip`, because a Zulip
server only appends to those log files (i.e. they aren't necessarily
to precisely restore your Zulip data), and they can be very large
compared to the rest of the data for a Zulip server.
* Files uploaded with the Zulip
[S3 file upload backend](../production/upload-backends.md). We
don't include these for two reasons. First, the uploaded file data
in S3 can easily be many times larger than the rest of the backup,
and downloading it all to a server doing a backup could easily
exceed its disk capacity. Additionally, S3 is a reliable persistent
storage system with its own high-quality tools for doing backups.
Contributions of (documentation on) ready-to-use scripting for S3
backups are welcome.
* SSL certificates. Since these are security-sensitive and either
trivially replaced (if generated via Certbot) or provided by the
system administrator, we do not include them in these backups.
### Backup details
This section is primarily for users managing backups themselves
(E.g. if they're using a remote postgres database with an existing
backup strategy), and also serves as documentation for what is
included in the backups generated by Zulip's standard tools. That
data includes:
* The postgres database. That you can back up like any postgres
database; we have some example tooling for doing that incrementally
into S3 using [wal-e](https://github.com/wal-e/wal-e) in
`puppet/zulip_ops/manifests/postgres_common.pp` (that's what we
use for zulip.com's database backups). Note that this module isn't
part of the Zulip server releases since it's part of the zulip.com
configuration (see <https://github.com/zulip/zulip/issues/293>
for a ticket about fixing this to make life easier for running
backups).
* Any user-uploaded files. If you're using S3 as storage for file
uploads, this is backed up in S3, but if you have instead set
`LOCAL_UPLOADS_DIR`, any files uploaded by users (including avatars)
will be stored in that directory and you'll want to back it up.
* Your Zulip configuration including secrets from `/etc/zulip/`.
E.g. if you lose the value of `secret_key`, all users will need to
login again when you setup a replacement server since you won't be
able to verify their cookies; if you lose `avatar_salt`, any
user-uploaded avatars will need to be re-uploaded (since avatar
filenames are computed using a hash of `avatar_salt` and user's
email), etc.
Zulip also has a logical [data export and import tool][export-import],
which is useful for migrating data between Zulip Cloud and other Zulip
servers, as well as various auditing purposes. The big advantage of
the `manage.py backup` system over the export/import process is that
it's structurally very unlikely for the `postgres` process to ever
develop bugs, whereas the import/export tool requires some work for
every new feature we add to Zulip, and thus may occasionally have bugs
around corner cases. The export tool's advantage is that the export is
more human-readable and easier to parse, and doesn't have the
requirement that the same set of Zulip organizations exist on the two
servers (which is critical for migrations to and from Zulip Cloud).
[export-import]: ../production/export-and-import.md
### Restore from manual backups
To restore from a manual backup, the process is basically the reverse of the above:
* Install new server as normal by downloading a Zulip release tarball
and then using `scripts/setup/install`, you don't need
to run the `initialize-database` second stage which puts default
data into the database.
* Unpack to `/etc/zulip` the `settings.py` and `zulip-secrets.conf` files
from your backups.
* Restore your database from the backup using `wal-e`; if you ran
`initialize-database` anyway above, you'll want to first
`scripts/setup/postgres-init-db` to drop the initial database first.
* Reconfigure rabbitmq to use the password from `secrets.conf`
by running, as root, `scripts/setup/configure-rabbitmq`.
* If you're using local file uploads, restore those files to the path
specified by `settings.LOCAL_UPLOADS_DIR` and (if appropriate) any
logs.
* Start the server using `scripts/restart-server`.
This restoration process can also be used to migrate a Zulip
installation from one server to another.
We recommend running a disaster recovery after you setup backups to
confirm that your backups are working; you may also want to monitor
that they are up to date using the Nagios plugin at:
`puppet/zulip_ops/files/nagios_plugins/check_postgres_backup`.
Contributions to more fully automate this process or make this section
of the guide much more explicit and detailed are very welcome!
### Postgres streaming replication
Zulip has database configuration for using Postgres streaming
replication; you can see the configuration in these files:
* `puppet/zulip_ops/manifests/postgres_slave.pp`
* `puppet/zulip_ops/manifests/postgres_master.pp`
* `puppet/zulip_ops/files/postgresql/*`
Contribution of a step-by-step guide for setting this up (and moving
this configuration to be available in the main `puppet/zulip/` tree)
would be very welcome!
## Monitoring
The complete Nagios configuration (sans secret keys) used to

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@ -80,6 +80,6 @@ their use of such an export.
* [Import into an on-premises installation][import-only]
[production-backups]: https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/stable/production/maintain-secure-upgrade.html#backups
[production-backups]: https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/stable/production/export-and-import.html#backups
[export-and-import]: https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/production/export-and-import.html
[import-only]: https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/production/export-and-import.html#import-into-a-new-zulip-server