diff --git a/zerver/migrations/0449_scheduledmessage_zerver_unsent_scheduled_messages_indexes.py b/zerver/migrations/0449_scheduledmessage_zerver_unsent_scheduled_messages_indexes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2b85c8392d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zerver/migrations/0449_scheduledmessage_zerver_unsent_scheduled_messages_indexes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# Generated by Django 4.2 on 2023-05-09 00:58
+
+from django.db import migrations, models
+
+
+class Migration(migrations.Migration):
+    dependencies = [
+        ("zerver", "0448_scheduledmessage_new_fields"),
+    ]
+
+    operations = [
+        migrations.AddIndex(
+            model_name="scheduledmessage",
+            index=models.Index(
+                condition=models.Q(("delivered", False), ("failed", False)),
+                fields=["scheduled_timestamp"],
+                name="zerver_unsent_scheduled_messages_by_time",
+            ),
+        ),
+        migrations.AddIndex(
+            model_name="scheduledmessage",
+            index=models.Index(
+                condition=models.Q(("delivered", False)),
+                fields=["sender", "delivery_type", "scheduled_timestamp"],
+                name="zerver_unsent_scheduled_messages_by_user",
+            ),
+        ),
+    ]
diff --git a/zerver/models.py b/zerver/models.py
index fe0bda1f52..f666e2c28e 100644
--- a/zerver/models.py
+++ b/zerver/models.py
@@ -4346,6 +4346,32 @@ class ScheduledMessage(models.Model):
         default=SEND_LATER,
     )
 
+    class Meta:
+        indexes = [
+            # We expect a large number of delivered scheduled messages
+            # to accumulate over time. This first index is for the
+            # deliver_scheduled_messages worker.
+            models.Index(
+                name="zerver_unsent_scheduled_messages_by_time",
+                fields=["scheduled_timestamp"],
+                condition=Q(
+                    delivered=False,
+                    failed=False,
+                ),
+            ),
+            # This index is for displaying scheduled messages to the
+            # user themself via the API; we don't filter failed
+            # messages since we will want to display those so that
+            # failures don't just disappear into a black hole.
+            models.Index(
+                name="zerver_unsent_scheduled_messages_by_user",
+                fields=["sender", "delivery_type", "scheduled_timestamp"],
+                condition=Q(
+                    delivered=False,
+                ),
+            ),
+        ]
+
     def __str__(self) -> str:
         display_recipient = get_display_recipient(self.recipient)
         return f"{display_recipient} {self.subject} {self.sender!r} {self.scheduled_timestamp}"