zulip/docs/production/security-model.md

# Security Model

This section attempts to document the Zulip security model.
It likely does not cover every issue; if
there are details you're curious about, please feel free to ask
questions in [#production help](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/31-production-help)
on the [Zulip community server](../contributing/chat-zulip-org.html)
(or if you think
you've found a security bug, please report it to
zulip-security@googlegroups.com so we can do a responsible security
announcement).

## Secure your Zulip server like your email server

* It's reasonable to think about security for a Zulip server like you
  do security for a team email server -- only trusted administrators
  within an organization should have shell access to the server.

  In particular, anyone with root access to a Zulip application server
  or Zulip database server, or with access to the `zulip` user on a
  Zulip application server, has complete control over the Zulip
  installation and all of its data (so they can read messages, modify
  history, etc.).  It would be difficult or impossible to avoid this,
  because the server needs access to the data to support features
  expected of a group chat system like the ability to search the
  entire message history, and thus someone with control over the
  server has access to that data as well.

## Encryption and Authentication

* Traffic between clients (web, desktop and mobile) and the Zulip is
  encrypted using HTTPS.  By default, all Zulip services talk to each
  other either via a localhost connection or using an encrypted SSL
  connection.

* Zulip requires CSRF tokens in all interactions with the web API to
  prevent CSRF attacks.

* The preferred way to login to Zulip is using an SSO solution like
  Google Auth, LDAP, or similar, but Zulip also supports password
  authentication.  See
  [the authentication methods documentation](../production/authentication-methods.html)
  for details on Zulip's available authentication methods.

### Passwords

Zulip stores user passwords using the standard PBKDF2 algorithm.

When the user is choosing a password, Zulip checks the password's
strength using the popular [zxcvbn][zxcvbn] library.  Weak passwords
are rejected, and strong passwords encouraged.  The minimum password
strength allowed is controlled by two settings in
`/etc/zulip/settings.py`:

* `PASSWORD_MIN_LENGTH`: The minimum acceptable length, in characters.
  Shorter passwords are rejected even if they pass the `zxcvbn` test
  controlled by `PASSWORD_MIN_GUESSES`.

* `PASSWORD_MIN_GUESSES`: The minimum acceptable strength of the
  password, in terms of the estimated number of passwords an attacker
  is likely to guess before trying this one. If the user attempts to
  set a password that `zxcvbn` estimates to be guessable in less than
  `PASSWORD_MIN_GUESSES`, then Zulip rejects the password.

  By default, `PASSWORD_MIN_GUESSES` is 10000. This provides
  significant protection against online attacks, while limiting the
  burden imposed on users choosing a password. See
  [password strength](../production/password-strength.html) for an extended
  discussion on how we chose this value.

  Estimating the guessability of a password is a complex problem and
  impossible to efficiently do perfectly. For background or when
  considering an alternate value for this setting, the article
  ["Passwords and the Evolution of Imperfect Authentication"][BHOS15]
  is recommended.  The [2016 zxcvbn paper][zxcvbn-paper] adds useful
  information about the performance of zxcvbn, and [a large 2012 study
  of Yahoo users][Bon12] is informative about the strength of the
  passwords users choose.

<!---
  If the BHOS15 link ever goes dead: it's reference 30 of the zxcvbn
  paper, aka https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2699390 , in the
  _Communications of the ACM_ aka CACM.  (But the ACM has it paywalled.)
  .
  Hooray for USENIX and IEEE: the other papers' canonical links are
  not paywalled.  The Yahoo study is reference 5 in BHOS15.
-->

[zxcvbn]: https://github.com/dropbox/zxcvbn
[BHOS15]: http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~fms27/papers/2015-BonneauHerOorSta-passwords.pdf
[zxcvbn-paper]: https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/usenixsecurity16/sec16_paper_wheeler.pdf
[Bon12]: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6234435/

## Messages and History

* Zulip message content is rendered using a specialized Markdown
  parser which escapes content to protect against cross-site scripting
  attacks.

* Zulip supports both public streams and private streams.
  * Any non-guest user can join any public stream in the organization,
    and can view the complete message history of any public stream
    without joining the stream.  Guests can only access streams that
    another user adds them to.

  * Organization admins can see and modify most aspects of a private
    stream, including the membership and estimated traffic. Admins
    generally cannot see messages sent to private streams or do things
    that would indirectly give them access to those messages, like
    adding members or changing the stream privacy settings.

  * Non-admins cannot easily see which private streams exist, or interact
    with them in any way until they are added. Given a stream name, they can
    figure out whether a stream with that name exists, but cannot see any
    other details about the stream.

  * See [Stream permissions](https://zulipchat.com/help/stream-permissions) for more details.

* Zulip supports editing the content and topics of messages that have
  already been sent. As a general philosophy, our policies provide
  hard limits on the ways in which message content can be changed or
  undone. In contrast, our policies around message topics favor
  usefulness (e.g. for conversational organization) over faithfulness
  to the original. In all configurations:

  * Message content can only ever be modified by the original author.

  * Any message visible to an organization administrator can be deleted at
    any time by that administrator.

  * See
    [Configuring message editing and deletion](https://zulipchat.com/help/configure-message-editing-and-deletion)
    for more details.

## Users and Bots

* There are four types of users in a Zulip organization: Organization
  Administrators, Members (normal users), Guests, and Bots.

* Administrators have the ability to deactivate and reactivate other
  human and bot users, delete streams, add/remove administrator
  privileges, as well as change configuration for the organization.

  Being an organization administrator does not generally provide the ability
  to read other users' private messages or messages sent to private
  streams to which the administrator is not subscribed. There are two
  exceptions:

  * Administrators may get access to private messages via some types of
    [data export](https://zulipchat.com/help/export-your-organization).

  * Administrators can change the ownership of a bot. If a bot is subscribed
    to a private stream, then an administrator can indirectly get access to
    stream messages by taking control of the bot, though the access will be
    limited to what the bot can do. (E.g. incoming webhook bots cannot read
    messages.)

* Every Zulip user has an API key, available on the settings page.
  This API key can be used to do essentially everything the user can
  do; for that reason, users should keep their API key safe.  Users
  can rotate their own API key if it is accidentally compromised.

* To properly remove a user's access to a Zulip team, it does not
  suffice to change their password or deactivate their account in a
  SSO system, since neither of those prevents authenticating with the
  user's API key or those of bots the user has created.  Instead, you
  should
  [deactivate the user's account](https://zulipchat.com/help/deactivate-or-reactivate-a-user)
  via Zulip's "Organization settings" interface.

* The Zulip mobile apps authenticate to the server by sending the
  user's password and retrieving the user's API key; the apps then use
  the API key to authenticate all future interactions with the site.
  Thus, if a user's phone is lost, in addition to changing passwords,
  you should rotate the user's Zulip API key.

* Guest users are like Members, but they do not have automatic access
  to public streams.

* Zulip supports several kinds of bots with different capabilities.

  * Incoming webhook bots can only send messages into Zulip.
  * Outgoing webhook bots and Generic bots can essentially do anything a
    non-administrator user can, with a few exceptions (e.g. a bot cannot
    login to the web application, register for mobile push
    notifications, or create other bots).
  * API super user bots can send messages that appear to have been sent by
    another user. They also have the ability to see the names of all
    streams, including private streams.  This is important for implementing
    integrations like the Jabber, IRC, and Zephyr mirrors.

    API super user bots cannot be created by Zulip users, including
    organization administrators. They can only be created on the command
    line (via `manage.py knight --permission=api_super_user`).

## User-uploaded content

* Zulip supports user-uploaded files.  Ideally they should be hosted
  from a separate domain from the main Zulip server to protect against
  various same-domain attacks (e.g. zulip-user-content.example.com).

  We support two ways of hosting them: the basic `LOCAL_UPLOADS_DIR`
  file storage backend, where they are stored in a directory on the
  Zulip server's filesystem, and the S3 backend, where the files are
  stored in Amazon S3.  It would not be difficult to add additional
  supported backends should there be a need; see
  `zerver/lib/upload.py` for the full interface.

  For both backends, the URLs used to access uploaded files are long,
  random strings, providing one layer of security against unauthorized
  users accessing files uploaded in Zulip (an authorized user would
  need to share the URL with an unauthorized user in order for the
  file to be accessed by the unauthorized user. Of course, any
  such authorized user could have just downloaded and sent the file
  instead of the URL, so this is arguably pretty good protection.)
  However, to help protect against accidental
  sharing of URLs to restricted files (e.g. by forwarding a
  missed-message email or leaks involving the Referer header), we
  provide additional layers of protection in both backends as well.

  In the Zulip S3 backend, the random URLs to access files that are
  presented to users don't actually host the content.  Instead, the S3
  backend verifies that the user has a valid Zulip session in the
  relevant organization (and that has access to a Zulip message linking to
  the file), and if so, then redirects the browser to a temporary S3
  URL for the file that expires a short time later.  In this way,
  possessing a URL to a secret file in Zulip does not provide
  unauthorized users with access to that file.

  We have a similar protection for the `LOCAL_UPLOADS_DIR` backend,
  that is only unavailable on Ubuntu Trusty (this is the one place
  in Zulip where behavior is currently different between different OS
  versions).  For platforms that are not Ubuntu Trusty, every access
  to an uploaded file has access control verified (confirming that the
  browser is logged into a Zulip account that has received the
  uploaded file in question).

  On Ubuntu Trusty, because the older version of `nginx` available
  there doesn't have proper Unicode support for the `X-Accel-Redirect`
  feature, the `LOCAL_UPLOADS_DIR` backend only has the single layer
  of security described at the beginning of this section (long,
  randomly generated secret URLs).  This could be fixed with further
  engineering, but given the upcoming end-of-life of Ubuntu Trusty, we
  have no plans to do that further work.

* Zulip supports using the Camo image proxy to proxy content like
  inline image previews that can be inserted into the Zulip message
  feed by other users over HTTPS.

* By default, Zulip will provide image previews inline in the body of
  messages when a message contains a link to an image.  You can
  control this using the `INLINE_IMAGE_PREVIEW` setting.

## Final notes and security response

If you find some aspect of Zulip that seems inconsistent with this
security model, please report it to zulip-security@googlegroups.com so
that we can investigate and coordinate an appropriate security release
if needed.

Zulip security announcements will be sent to
zulip-announce@googlegroups.com, so you should subscribe if you are
running Zulip in production.