zulip/zerver/views/messages.py

from django.utils.translation import ugettext as _
from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
from django.conf import settings
from django.core import validators
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
from django.db import connection, IntegrityError
from django.http import HttpRequest, HttpResponse
from typing import Dict, List, Set, Any, Iterable, \
    Optional, Tuple, Union, Sequence, cast
from zerver.lib.exceptions import JsonableError, ErrorCode
from zerver.lib.html_diff import highlight_html_differences
from zerver.decorator import has_request_variables, \
    REQ, to_non_negative_int
from django.utils.html import escape as escape_html
from zerver.lib import bugdown
from zerver.lib.zcommand import process_zcommands
from zerver.lib.actions import recipient_for_user_profiles, do_update_message_flags, \
    compute_irc_user_fullname, compute_jabber_user_fullname, \
    create_mirror_user_if_needed, check_send_message, do_update_message, \
    extract_private_recipients, render_incoming_message, do_delete_messages, \
    do_mark_all_as_read, do_mark_stream_messages_as_read, extract_stream_indicator, \
    get_user_info_for_message_updates, check_schedule_message
from zerver.lib.addressee import get_user_profiles, get_user_profiles_by_ids
from zerver.lib.queue import queue_json_publish
from zerver.lib.message import (
    access_message,
    messages_for_ids,
    render_markdown,
    get_first_visible_message_id,
    truncate_body,
)
from zerver.lib.response import json_success, json_error
from zerver.lib.sqlalchemy_utils import get_sqlalchemy_connection
from zerver.lib.streams import access_stream_by_id, get_public_streams_queryset, \
    can_access_stream_history_by_name, can_access_stream_history_by_id, \
    get_stream_by_narrow_operand_access_unchecked, get_stream_by_id
from zerver.lib.timestamp import datetime_to_timestamp, convert_to_UTC
from zerver.lib.timezone import get_timezone
from zerver.lib.topic import (
    topic_column_sa,
    topic_match_sa,
    user_message_exists_for_topic,
    DB_TOPIC_NAME,
    LEGACY_PREV_TOPIC,
    MATCH_TOPIC,
    REQ_topic,
)
from zerver.lib.topic_mutes import exclude_topic_mutes
from zerver.lib.utils import statsd
from zerver.lib.validator import \
    check_list, check_int, check_dict, check_string, check_bool, \
    check_string_or_int_list, check_string_or_int, check_string_in, \
    check_required_string
from zerver.lib.zephyr import compute_mit_user_fullname
from zerver.models import Message, UserProfile, Stream, Subscription, Client,\
    Realm, RealmDomain, Recipient, UserMessage, \
    email_to_domain, get_realm, get_active_streams, get_user_including_cross_realm, \
    get_user_by_id_in_realm_including_cross_realm

from sqlalchemy import func
from sqlalchemy.dialects import postgresql
from sqlalchemy.sql import select, join, column, literal_column, literal, and_, \
    or_, not_, union_all, alias, Selectable, ColumnElement, table

from dateutil.parser import parse as dateparser
import re
import ujson
import datetime

LARGER_THAN_MAX_MESSAGE_ID = 10000000000000000
MAX_MESSAGES_PER_FETCH = 5000

class BadNarrowOperator(JsonableError):
    code = ErrorCode.BAD_NARROW
    data_fields = ['desc']

    def __init__(self, desc: str) -> None:
        self.desc = desc  # type: str

    @staticmethod
    def msg_format() -> str:
        return _('Invalid narrow operator: {desc}')

# TODO: Should be Select, but sqlalchemy stubs are busted
Query = Any

# TODO: should be Callable[[ColumnElement], ColumnElement], but sqlalchemy stubs are busted
ConditionTransform = Any

OptionalNarrowListT = Optional[List[Dict[str, Any]]]

# These delimiters will not appear in rendered messages or HTML-escaped topics.
TS_START = "<ts-match>"
TS_STOP = "</ts-match>"

def ts_locs_array(
    config: ColumnElement, text: ColumnElement, tsquery: ColumnElement
) -> ColumnElement:
    options = "HighlightAll = TRUE, StartSel = %s, StopSel = %s" % (TS_START, TS_STOP)
    delimited = func.ts_headline(config, text, tsquery, options)
    parts = func.unnest(func.string_to_array(delimited, TS_START)).alias()
    part = column(parts.name)
    part_len = func.length(part) - len(TS_STOP)
    match_pos = func.sum(part_len).over(rows=(None, -1)) + len(TS_STOP)
    match_len = func.strpos(part, TS_STOP) - 1
    return func.array(
        select([postgresql.array([match_pos, match_len])])
        .select_from(parts)
        .offset(1)
        .as_scalar()
    )

# When you add a new operator to this, also update zerver/lib/narrow.py
class NarrowBuilder:
    '''
    Build up a SQLAlchemy query to find messages matching a narrow.
    '''

    # This class has an important security invariant:
    #
    #   None of these methods ever *add* messages to a query's result.
    #
    # That is, the `add_term` method, and its helpers the `by_*` methods,
    # are passed a Query object representing a query for messages; they may
    # call some methods on it, and then they return a resulting Query
    # object.  Things these methods may do to the queries they handle
    # include
    #  * add conditions to filter out rows (i.e., messages), with `query.where`
    #  * add columns for more information on the same message, with `query.column`
    #  * add a join for more information on the same message
    #
    # Things they may not do include
    #  * anything that would pull in additional rows, or information on
    #    other messages.

    def __init__(self, user_profile: UserProfile, msg_id_column: str) -> None:
        self.user_profile = user_profile
        self.msg_id_column = msg_id_column
        self.user_realm = user_profile.realm

    def add_term(self, query: Query, term: Dict[str, Any]) -> Query:
        """
        Extend the given query to one narrowed by the given term, and return the result.

        This method satisfies an important security property: the returned
        query never includes a message that the given query didn't.  In
        particular, if the given query will only find messages that a given
        user can legitimately see, then so will the returned query.
        """
        # To maintain the security property, we hold all the `by_*`
        # methods to the same criterion.  See the class's block comment
        # for details.

        # We have to be careful here because we're letting users call a method
        # by name! The prefix 'by_' prevents it from colliding with builtin
        # Python __magic__ stuff.
        operator = term['operator']
        operand = term['operand']

        negated = term.get('negated', False)

        method_name = 'by_' + operator.replace('-', '_')
        method = getattr(self, method_name, None)
        if method is None:
            raise BadNarrowOperator('unknown operator ' + operator)

        if negated:
            maybe_negate = not_
        else:
            maybe_negate = lambda cond: cond

        return method(query, operand, maybe_negate)

    def by_has(self, query: Query, operand: str, maybe_negate: ConditionTransform) -> Query:
        if operand not in ['attachment', 'image', 'link']:
            raise BadNarrowOperator("unknown 'has' operand " + operand)
        col_name = 'has_' + operand
        cond = column(col_name)
        return query.where(maybe_negate(cond))

    def by_in(self, query: Query, operand: str, maybe_negate: ConditionTransform) -> Query:
        if operand == 'home':
            conditions = exclude_muting_conditions(self.user_profile, [])
            return query.where(and_(*conditions))
        elif operand == 'all':
            return query

        raise BadNarrowOperator("unknown 'in' operand " + operand)

    def by_is(self, query: Query, operand: str, maybe_negate: ConditionTransform) -> Query:
        if operand == 'private':
            cond = column("flags").op("&")(UserMessage.flags.is_private.mask) != 0
            return query.where(maybe_negate(cond))
        elif operand == 'starred':
            cond = column("flags").op("&")(UserMessage.flags.starred.mask) != 0
            return query.where(maybe_negate(cond))
        elif operand == 'unread':
            cond = column("flags").op("&")(UserMessage.flags.read.mask) == 0
            return query.where(maybe_negate(cond))
        elif operand == 'mentioned':
            cond1 = column("flags").op("&")(UserMessage.flags.mentioned.mask) != 0
            cond2 = column("flags").op("&")(UserMessage.flags.wildcard_mentioned.mask) != 0
            cond = or_(cond1, cond2)
            return query.where(maybe_negate(cond))
        elif operand == 'alerted':
            cond = column("flags").op("&")(UserMessage.flags.has_alert_word.mask) != 0
            return query.where(maybe_negate(cond))
        raise BadNarrowOperator("unknown 'is' operand " + operand)

    _alphanum = frozenset(
        'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789')

    def _pg_re_escape(self, pattern: str) -> str:
        """
        Escape user input to place in a regex

        Python's re.escape escapes unicode characters in a way which postgres
        fails on, '\u03bb' to '\\\u03bb'. This function will correctly escape
        them for postgres, '\u03bb' to '\\u03bb'.
        """
        s = list(pattern)
        for i, c in enumerate(s):
            if c not in self._alphanum:
                if ord(c) >= 128:
                    # convert the character to hex postgres regex will take
                    # \uXXXX
                    s[i] = '\\u{:0>4x}'.format(ord(c))
                else:
                    s[i] = '\\' + c
        return ''.join(s)

    def by_stream(self, query: Query, operand: Union[str, int], maybe_negate: ConditionTransform) -> Query:
        try:
            # Because you can see your own message history for
            # private streams you are no longer subscribed to, we
            # need get_stream_by_narrow_operand_access_unchecked here.
            stream = get_stream_by_narrow_operand_access_unchecked(operand, self.user_profile.realm)
        except Stream.DoesNotExist:
            raise BadNarrowOperator('unknown stream ' + str(operand))

        if self.user_profile.realm.is_zephyr_mirror_realm:
            # MIT users expect narrowing to "social" to also show messages to
            # /^(un)*social(.d)*$/ (unsocial, ununsocial, social.d, ...).

            # In `ok_to_include_history`, we assume that a non-negated
            # `stream` term for a public stream will limit the query to
            # that specific stream.  So it would be a bug to hit this
            # codepath after relying on this term there.  But all streams in
            # a Zephyr realm are private, so that doesn't happen.
            assert(not stream.is_public())

            m = re.search(r'^(?:un)*(.+?)(?:\.d)*$', stream.name, re.IGNORECASE)
            # Since the regex has a `.+` in it and "" is invalid as a
            # stream name, this will always match
            assert(m is not None)
            base_stream_name = m.group(1)

            matching_streams = get_active_streams(self.user_profile.realm).filter(
                name__iregex=r'^(un)*%s(\.d)*$' % (self._pg_re_escape(base_stream_name),))
            recipient_ids = [matching_stream.recipient_id for matching_stream in matching_streams]
            cond = column("recipient_id").in_(recipient_ids)
            return query.where(maybe_negate(cond))

        recipient = stream.recipient
        cond = column("recipient_id") == recipient.id
        return query.where(maybe_negate(cond))

    def by_streams(self, query: Query, operand: str, maybe_negate: ConditionTransform) -> Query:
        if operand == 'public':
            # Get all both subscribed and non subscribed public streams
            # but exclude any private subscribed streams.
            public_streams_queryset = get_public_streams_queryset(self.user_profile.realm)
            recipient_ids = Recipient.objects.filter(
                type=Recipient.STREAM,
                type_id__in=public_streams_queryset).values_list('id', flat=True).order_by('id')
            cond = column("recipient_id").in_(recipient_ids)
            return query.where(maybe_negate(cond))
        raise BadNarrowOperator('unknown streams operand ' + operand)

    def by_topic(self, query: Query, operand: str, maybe_negate: ConditionTransform) -> Query:
        if self.user_profile.realm.is_zephyr_mirror_realm:
            # MIT users expect narrowing to topic "foo" to also show messages to /^foo(.d)*$/
            # (foo, foo.d, foo.d.d, etc)
            m = re.search(r'^(.*?)(?:\.d)*$', operand, re.IGNORECASE)
            # Since the regex has a `.*` in it, this will always match
            assert(m is not None)
            base_topic = m.group(1)

            # Additionally, MIT users expect the empty instance and
            # instance "personal" to be the same.
            if base_topic in ('', 'personal', '(instance "")'):
                cond = or_(
                    topic_match_sa(""),
                    topic_match_sa(".d"),
                    topic_match_sa(".d.d"),
                    topic_match_sa(".d.d.d"),
                    topic_match_sa(".d.d.d.d"),
                    topic_match_sa("personal"),
                    topic_match_sa("personal.d"),
                    topic_match_sa("personal.d.d"),
                    topic_match_sa("personal.d.d.d"),
                    topic_match_sa("personal.d.d.d.d"),
                    topic_match_sa('(instance "")'),
                    topic_match_sa('(instance "").d'),
                    topic_match_sa('(instance "").d.d'),
                    topic_match_sa('(instance "").d.d.d'),
                    topic_match_sa('(instance "").d.d.d.d'),
                )
            else:
                # We limit `.d` counts, since postgres has much better
                # query planning for this than they do for a regular
                # expression (which would sometimes table scan).
                cond = or_(
                    topic_match_sa(base_topic),
                    topic_match_sa(base_topic + ".d"),
                    topic_match_sa(base_topic + ".d.d"),
                    topic_match_sa(base_topic + ".d.d.d"),
                    topic_match_sa(base_topic + ".d.d.d.d"),
                )
            return query.where(maybe_negate(cond))

        cond = topic_match_sa(operand)
        return query.where(maybe_negate(cond))

    def by_sender(self, query: Query, operand: Union[str, int], maybe_negate: ConditionTransform) -> Query:
        try:
            if isinstance(operand, str):
                sender = get_user_including_cross_realm(operand, self.user_realm)
            else:
                sender = get_user_by_id_in_realm_including_cross_realm(operand, self.user_realm)
        except UserProfile.DoesNotExist:
            raise BadNarrowOperator('unknown user ' + str(operand))

        cond = column("sender_id") == literal(sender.id)
        return query.where(maybe_negate(cond))

    def by_near(self, query: Query, operand: str, maybe_negate: ConditionTransform) -> Query:
        return query

    def by_id(self, query: Query, operand: str, maybe_negate: ConditionTransform) -> Query:
        if not str(operand).isdigit():
            raise BadNarrowOperator("Invalid message ID")
        cond = self.msg_id_column == literal(operand)
        return query.where(maybe_negate(cond))

    def by_pm_with(self, query: Query, operand: Union[str, Iterable[int]],
                   maybe_negate: ConditionTransform) -> Query:

        try:
            if isinstance(operand, str):
                email_list = operand.split(",")
                user_profiles = get_user_profiles(
                    emails=email_list,
                    realm=self.user_realm
                )
            else:
                """
                This is where we handle passing a list of user IDs for the narrow, which is the
                preferred/cleaner API.
                """
                user_profiles = get_user_profiles_by_ids(
                    user_ids=operand,
                    realm=self.user_realm
                )

            recipient = recipient_for_user_profiles(user_profiles=user_profiles,
                                                    forwarded_mirror_message=False,
                                                    forwarder_user_profile=None,
                                                    sender=self.user_profile,
                                                    allow_deactivated=True)
        except (JsonableError, ValidationError):
            raise BadNarrowOperator('unknown user in ' + str(operand))

        # Group DM
        if recipient.type == Recipient.HUDDLE:
            cond = column("recipient_id") == recipient.id
            return query.where(maybe_negate(cond))

        # 1:1 PM
        other_participant = None

        # Find if another person is in PM
        for user in user_profiles:
            if user.id != self.user_profile.id:
                other_participant = user

        # PM with another person
        if other_participant:
            # We need bidirectional messages PM with another person.
            # But Recipient.PERSONAL objects only encode the person who
            # received the message, and not the other participant in
            # the thread (the sender), we need to do a somewhat
            # complex query to get messages between these two users
            # with either of them as the sender.
            self_recipient_id = self.user_profile.recipient_id
            cond = or_(and_(column("sender_id") == other_participant.id,
                            column("recipient_id") == self_recipient_id),
                       and_(column("sender_id") == self.user_profile.id,
                            column("recipient_id") == recipient.id))
            return query.where(maybe_negate(cond))

        # PM with self
        cond = and_(column("sender_id") == self.user_profile.id,
                    column("recipient_id") == recipient.id)
        return query.where(maybe_negate(cond))

    def by_group_pm_with(self, query: Query, operand: Union[str, int],
                         maybe_negate: ConditionTransform) -> Query:
        try:
            if isinstance(operand, str):
                narrow_profile = get_user_including_cross_realm(operand, self.user_realm)
            else:
                narrow_profile = get_user_by_id_in_realm_including_cross_realm(operand, self.user_realm)
        except UserProfile.DoesNotExist:
            raise BadNarrowOperator('unknown user ' + str(operand))

        self_recipient_ids = [
            recipient_tuple['recipient_id'] for recipient_tuple
            in Subscription.objects.filter(
                user_profile=self.user_profile,
                recipient__type=Recipient.HUDDLE
            ).values("recipient_id")]
        narrow_recipient_ids = [
            recipient_tuple['recipient_id'] for recipient_tuple
            in Subscription.objects.filter(
                user_profile=narrow_profile,
                recipient__type=Recipient.HUDDLE
            ).values("recipient_id")]

        recipient_ids = set(self_recipient_ids) & set(narrow_recipient_ids)
        cond = column("recipient_id").in_(recipient_ids)
        return query.where(maybe_negate(cond))

    def by_search(self, query: Query, operand: str, maybe_negate: ConditionTransform) -> Query:
        if settings.USING_PGROONGA:
            return self._by_search_pgroonga(query, operand, maybe_negate)
        else:
            return self._by_search_tsearch(query, operand, maybe_negate)

    def _by_search_pgroonga(self, query: Query, operand: str,
                            maybe_negate: ConditionTransform) -> Query:
        match_positions_character = func.pgroonga_match_positions_character
        query_extract_keywords = func.pgroonga_query_extract_keywords
        operand_escaped = func.escape_html(operand)
        keywords = query_extract_keywords(operand_escaped)
        query = query.column(match_positions_character(column("rendered_content"),
                                                       keywords).label("content_matches"))
        query = query.column(match_positions_character(func.escape_html(topic_column_sa()),
                                                       keywords).label("topic_matches"))
        condition = column("search_pgroonga").op("&@~")(operand_escaped)
        return query.where(maybe_negate(condition))

    def _by_search_tsearch(self, query: Query, operand: str,
                           maybe_negate: ConditionTransform) -> Query:
        tsquery = func.plainto_tsquery(literal("zulip.english_us_search"), literal(operand))
        query = query.column(ts_locs_array(literal("zulip.english_us_search"),
                                           column("rendered_content"),
                                           tsquery).label("content_matches"))
        # We HTML-escape the topic in Postgres to avoid doing a server round-trip
        query = query.column(ts_locs_array(literal("zulip.english_us_search"),
                                           func.escape_html(topic_column_sa()),
                                           tsquery).label("topic_matches"))

        # Do quoted string matching.  We really want phrase
        # search here so we can ignore punctuation and do
        # stemming, but there isn't a standard phrase search
        # mechanism in Postgres
        for term in re.findall(r'"[^"]+"|\S+', operand):
            if term[0] == '"' and term[-1] == '"':
                term = term[1:-1]
                term = '%' + connection.ops.prep_for_like_query(term) + '%'
                cond = or_(column("content").ilike(term),
                           topic_column_sa().ilike(term))
                query = query.where(maybe_negate(cond))

        cond = column("search_tsvector").op("@@")(tsquery)
        return query.where(maybe_negate(cond))

def highlight_string(text: str, locs: Iterable[Tuple[int, int]]) -> str:
    highlight_start = '<span class="highlight">'
    highlight_stop = '</span>'
    pos = 0
    result = ''
    in_tag = False

    for loc in locs:
        (offset, length) = loc

        prefix_start = pos
        prefix_end = offset
        match_start = offset
        match_end = offset + length

        prefix = text[prefix_start:prefix_end]
        match = text[match_start:match_end]

        for character in (prefix + match):
            if character == '<':
                in_tag = True
            elif character == '>':
                in_tag = False
        if in_tag:
            result += prefix
            result += match
        else:
            result += prefix
            result += highlight_start
            result += match
            result += highlight_stop
        pos = match_end

    result += text[pos:]
    return result

def get_search_fields(rendered_content: str, topic_name: str, content_matches: Iterable[Tuple[int, int]],
                      topic_matches: Iterable[Tuple[int, int]]) -> Dict[str, str]:
    return {
        'match_content': highlight_string(rendered_content, content_matches),
        MATCH_TOPIC: highlight_string(escape_html(topic_name), topic_matches),
    }

def narrow_parameter(json: str) -> OptionalNarrowListT:

    data = ujson.loads(json)
    if not isinstance(data, list):
        raise ValueError("argument is not a list")
    if len(data) == 0:
        # The "empty narrow" should be None, and not []
        return None

    def convert_term(elem: Union[Dict[str, Any], List[str]]) -> Dict[str, Any]:

        # We have to support a legacy tuple format.
        if isinstance(elem, list):
            if (len(elem) != 2 or any(not isinstance(x, str) for x in elem)):
                raise ValueError("element is not a string pair")
            return dict(operator=elem[0], operand=elem[1])

        if isinstance(elem, dict):
            # Make sure to sync this list to frontend also when adding a new operator.
            # that supports user IDs. Relevant code is located in static/js/message_fetch.js
            # in handle_operators_supporting_id_based_api function where you will need to update
            # operators_supporting_id, or operators_supporting_ids array.
            operators_supporting_id = ['sender', 'group-pm-with', 'stream']
            operators_supporting_ids = ['pm-with']
            operators_non_empty_operand = {'search'}

            operator = elem.get('operator', '')
            if operator in operators_supporting_id:
                operand_validator = check_string_or_int
            elif operator in operators_supporting_ids:
                operand_validator = check_string_or_int_list
            elif operator in operators_non_empty_operand:
                operand_validator = check_required_string
            else:
                operand_validator = check_string

            validator = check_dict([
                ('operator', check_string),
                ('operand', operand_validator),
            ])

            error = validator('elem', elem)
            if error:
                raise JsonableError(error)

            # whitelist the fields we care about for now
            return dict(
                operator=elem['operator'],
                operand=elem['operand'],
                negated=elem.get('negated', False),
            )

        raise ValueError("element is not a dictionary")

    return list(map(convert_term, data))

def ok_to_include_history(narrow: OptionalNarrowListT, user_profile: UserProfile) -> bool:
    # There are occasions where we need to find Message rows that
    # have no corresponding UserMessage row, because the user is
    # reading a public stream that might include messages that
    # were sent while the user was not subscribed, but which they are
    # allowed to see.  We have to be very careful about constructing
    # queries in those situations, so this function should return True
    # only if we are 100% sure that we're gonna add a clause to the
    # query that narrows to a particular public stream on the user's realm.
    # If we screw this up, then we can get into a nasty situation of
    # polluting our narrow results with messages from other realms.
    include_history = False
    if narrow is not None:
        for term in narrow:
            if term['operator'] == "stream" and not term.get('negated', False):
                operand = term['operand']  # type: Union[str, int]
                if isinstance(operand, str):
                    include_history = can_access_stream_history_by_name(user_profile, operand)
                else:
                    include_history = can_access_stream_history_by_id(user_profile, operand)
            elif (term['operator'] == "streams" and term['operand'] == "public"
                    and not term.get('negated', False) and user_profile.can_access_public_streams()):
                include_history = True
        # Disable historical messages if the user is narrowing on anything
        # that's a property on the UserMessage table.  There cannot be
        # historical messages in these cases anyway.
        for term in narrow:
            if term['operator'] == "is":
                include_history = False

    return include_history

def get_stream_from_narrow_access_unchecked(narrow: OptionalNarrowListT, realm: Realm) -> Optional[Stream]:
    if narrow is not None:
        for term in narrow:
            if term['operator'] == 'stream':
                return get_stream_by_narrow_operand_access_unchecked(term['operand'], realm)
    return None

def exclude_muting_conditions(user_profile: UserProfile,
                              narrow: OptionalNarrowListT) -> List[Selectable]:
    conditions = []
    stream_id = None
    try:
        # Note: It is okay here to not check access to stream
        # because we are only using the stream id to exclude data,
        # not to include results.
        stream = get_stream_from_narrow_access_unchecked(narrow, user_profile.realm)
        if stream is not None:
            stream_id = stream.id
    except Stream.DoesNotExist:
        pass

    if stream_id is None:
        rows = Subscription.objects.filter(
            user_profile=user_profile,
            active=True,
            is_muted=True,
            recipient__type=Recipient.STREAM
        ).values('recipient_id')
        muted_recipient_ids = [row['recipient_id'] for row in rows]
        if len(muted_recipient_ids) > 0:
            # Only add the condition if we have muted streams to simplify/avoid warnings.
            condition = not_(column("recipient_id").in_(muted_recipient_ids))
            conditions.append(condition)

    conditions = exclude_topic_mutes(conditions, user_profile, stream_id)

    return conditions

def get_base_query_for_search(user_profile: UserProfile,
                              need_message: bool,
                              need_user_message: bool) -> Tuple[Query, ColumnElement]:
    if need_message and need_user_message:
        query = select([column("message_id"), column("flags")],
                       column("user_profile_id") == literal(user_profile.id),
                       join(table("zerver_usermessage"), table("zerver_message"),
                            literal_column("zerver_usermessage.message_id") ==
                            literal_column("zerver_message.id")))
        inner_msg_id_col = column("message_id")
        return (query, inner_msg_id_col)

    if need_user_message:
        query = select([column("message_id"), column("flags")],
                       column("user_profile_id") == literal(user_profile.id),
                       table("zerver_usermessage"))
        inner_msg_id_col = column("message_id")
        return (query, inner_msg_id_col)

    else:
        assert(need_message)
        query = select([column("id").label("message_id")],
                       None,
                       table("zerver_message"))
        inner_msg_id_col = literal_column("zerver_message.id")
        return (query, inner_msg_id_col)

def add_narrow_conditions(user_profile: UserProfile,
                          inner_msg_id_col: ColumnElement,
                          query: Query,
                          narrow: OptionalNarrowListT) -> Tuple[Query, bool]:
    is_search = False  # for now

    if narrow is None:
        return (query, is_search)

    # Build the query for the narrow
    builder = NarrowBuilder(user_profile, inner_msg_id_col)
    search_operands = []

    # As we loop through terms, builder does most of the work to extend
    # our query, but we need to collect the search operands and handle
    # them after the loop.
    for term in narrow:
        if term['operator'] == 'search':
            search_operands.append(term['operand'])
        else:
            query = builder.add_term(query, term)

    if search_operands:
        is_search = True
        query = query.column(topic_column_sa()).column(column("rendered_content"))
        search_term = dict(
            operator='search',
            operand=' '.join(search_operands)
        )
        query = builder.add_term(query, search_term)

    return (query, is_search)

def find_first_unread_anchor(sa_conn: Any,
                             user_profile: UserProfile,
                             narrow: OptionalNarrowListT) -> int:
    # We always need UserMessage in our query, because it has the unread
    # flag for the user.
    need_user_message = True

    # Because we will need to call exclude_muting_conditions, unless
    # the user hasn't muted anything, we will need to include Message
    # in our query.  It may be worth eventually adding an optimization
    # for the case of a user who hasn't muted anything to avoid the
    # join in that case, but it's low priority.
    need_message = True

    query, inner_msg_id_col = get_base_query_for_search(
        user_profile=user_profile,
        need_message=need_message,
        need_user_message=need_user_message,
    )

    query, is_search = add_narrow_conditions(
        user_profile=user_profile,
        inner_msg_id_col=inner_msg_id_col,
        query=query,
        narrow=narrow,
    )

    condition = column("flags").op("&")(UserMessage.flags.read.mask) == 0

    # We exclude messages on muted topics when finding the first unread
    # message in this narrow
    muting_conditions = exclude_muting_conditions(user_profile, narrow)
    if muting_conditions:
        condition = and_(condition, *muting_conditions)

    # The mobile app uses narrow=[] and use_first_unread_anchor=True to
    # determine what messages to show when you first load the app.
    # Unfortunately, this means that if you have a years-old unread
    # message, the mobile app could get stuck in the past.
    #
    # To fix this, we enforce that the "first unread anchor" must be on or
    # after the user's current pointer location. Since the pointer
    # location refers to the latest the user has read in the home view,
    # we'll only apply this logic in the home view (ie, when narrow is
    # empty).
    if not narrow:
        pointer_condition = inner_msg_id_col >= user_profile.pointer
        condition = and_(condition, pointer_condition)

    first_unread_query = query.where(condition)
    first_unread_query = first_unread_query.order_by(inner_msg_id_col.asc()).limit(1)
    first_unread_result = list(sa_conn.execute(first_unread_query).fetchall())
    if len(first_unread_result) > 0:
        anchor = first_unread_result[0][0]
    else:
        anchor = LARGER_THAN_MAX_MESSAGE_ID

    return anchor

@has_request_variables
def zcommand_backend(request: HttpRequest, user_profile: UserProfile,
                     command: str=REQ('command')) -> HttpResponse:
    return json_success(process_zcommands(command, user_profile))

def parse_anchor_value(anchor_val: Optional[str],
                       use_first_unread_anchor: bool) -> Optional[int]:
    """Given the anchor and use_first_unread_anchor parameters passed by
    the client, computes what anchor value the client requested,
    handling backwards-compatibility and the various string-valued
    fields.  We encode use_first_unread_anchor as anchor=None.
    """
    if use_first_unread_anchor:
        # Backwards-compatibility: Before we added support for the
        # special string-typed anchor values, clients would pass
        # anchor=None and use_first_unread_anchor=True to indicate
        # what is now expressed as anchor="first_unread".
        return None
    if anchor_val is None:
        # Throw an exception if neither an anchor argument not
        # use_first_unread_anchor was specified.
        raise JsonableError(_("Missing 'anchor' argument."))
    if anchor_val == "oldest":
        return 0
    if anchor_val == "newest":
        return LARGER_THAN_MAX_MESSAGE_ID
    if anchor_val == "first_unread":
        return None
    try:
        # We don't use `.isnumeric()` to support negative numbers for
        # anchor.  We don't recommend it in the API (if you want the
        # very first message, use 0 or 1), but it used to be supported
        # and was used by the webapp, so we need to continue
        # supporting it for backwards-compatibility
        anchor = int(anchor_val)
        if anchor < 0:
            return 0
        return anchor
    except ValueError:
        raise JsonableError(_("Invalid anchor"))

@has_request_variables
def get_messages_backend(request: HttpRequest, user_profile: UserProfile,
                         anchor_val: Optional[str]=REQ(
                             'anchor', str_validator=check_string, default=None),
                         num_before: int=REQ(converter=to_non_negative_int),
                         num_after: int=REQ(converter=to_non_negative_int),
                         narrow: OptionalNarrowListT=REQ('narrow', converter=narrow_parameter, default=None),
                         use_first_unread_anchor_val: bool=REQ('use_first_unread_anchor',
                                                               validator=check_bool, default=False),
                         client_gravatar: bool=REQ(validator=check_bool, default=False),
                         apply_markdown: bool=REQ(validator=check_bool, default=True)) -> HttpResponse:
    anchor = parse_anchor_value(anchor_val, use_first_unread_anchor_val)
    if num_before + num_after > MAX_MESSAGES_PER_FETCH:
        return json_error(_("Too many messages requested (maximum %s).")
                          % (MAX_MESSAGES_PER_FETCH,))

    if user_profile.realm.email_address_visibility != Realm.EMAIL_ADDRESS_VISIBILITY_EVERYONE:
        # If email addresses are only available to administrators,
        # clients cannot compute gravatars, so we force-set it to false.
        client_gravatar = False

    include_history = ok_to_include_history(narrow, user_profile)
    if include_history:
        # The initial query in this case doesn't use `zerver_usermessage`,
        # and isn't yet limited to messages the user is entitled to see!
        #
        # This is OK only because we've made sure this is a narrow that
        # will cause us to limit the query appropriately later.
        # See `ok_to_include_history` for details.
        need_message = True
        need_user_message = False
    elif narrow is None:
        # We need to limit to messages the user has received, but we don't actually
        # need any fields from Message
        need_message = False
        need_user_message = True
    else:
        need_message = True
        need_user_message = True

    query, inner_msg_id_col = get_base_query_for_search(
        user_profile=user_profile,
        need_message=need_message,
        need_user_message=need_user_message,
    )

    query, is_search = add_narrow_conditions(
        user_profile=user_profile,
        inner_msg_id_col=inner_msg_id_col,
        query=query,
        narrow=narrow,
    )

    if narrow is not None:
        # Add some metadata to our logging data for narrows
        verbose_operators = []
        for term in narrow:
            if term['operator'] == "is":
                verbose_operators.append("is:" + term['operand'])
            else:
                verbose_operators.append(term['operator'])
        request._log_data['extra'] = "[%s]" % (",".join(verbose_operators),)

    sa_conn = get_sqlalchemy_connection()

    if anchor is None:
        # The use_first_unread_anchor code path
        anchor = find_first_unread_anchor(
            sa_conn,
            user_profile,
            narrow,
        )

    # Hint to mypy that anchor is now unconditionally an integer,
    # since its inference engine can't figure that out.
    assert anchor is not None
    anchored_to_left = (anchor == 0)

    # Set value that will be used to short circuit the after_query
    # altogether and avoid needless conditions in the before_query.
    anchored_to_right = (anchor >= LARGER_THAN_MAX_MESSAGE_ID)
    if anchored_to_right:
        num_after = 0

    first_visible_message_id = get_first_visible_message_id(user_profile.realm)
    query = limit_query_to_range(
        query=query,
        num_before=num_before,
        num_after=num_after,
        anchor=anchor,
        anchored_to_left=anchored_to_left,
        anchored_to_right=anchored_to_right,
        id_col=inner_msg_id_col,
        first_visible_message_id=first_visible_message_id,
    )

    main_query = alias(query)
    query = select(main_query.c, None, main_query).order_by(column("message_id").asc())
    # This is a hack to tag the query we use for testing
    query = query.prefix_with("/* get_messages */")
    rows = list(sa_conn.execute(query).fetchall())

    query_info = post_process_limited_query(
        rows=rows,
        num_before=num_before,
        num_after=num_after,
        anchor=anchor,
        anchored_to_left=anchored_to_left,
        anchored_to_right=anchored_to_right,
        first_visible_message_id=first_visible_message_id,
    )

    rows = query_info['rows']

    # The following is a little messy, but ensures that the code paths
    # are similar regardless of the value of include_history.  The
    # 'user_messages' dictionary maps each message to the user's
    # UserMessage object for that message, which we will attach to the
    # rendered message dict before returning it.  We attempt to
    # bulk-fetch rendered message dicts from remote cache using the
    # 'messages' list.
    message_ids = []  # type: List[int]
    user_message_flags = {}  # type: Dict[int, List[str]]
    if include_history:
        message_ids = [row[0] for row in rows]

        # TODO: This could be done with an outer join instead of two queries
        um_rows = UserMessage.objects.filter(user_profile=user_profile,
                                             message__id__in=message_ids)
        user_message_flags = {um.message_id: um.flags_list() for um in um_rows}

        for message_id in message_ids:
            if message_id not in user_message_flags:
                user_message_flags[message_id] = ["read", "historical"]
    else:
        for row in rows:
            message_id = row[0]
            flags = row[1]
            user_message_flags[message_id] = UserMessage.flags_list_for_flags(flags)
            message_ids.append(message_id)

    search_fields = dict()  # type: Dict[int, Dict[str, str]]
    if is_search:
        for row in rows:
            message_id = row[0]
            (topic_name, rendered_content, content_matches, topic_matches) = row[-4:]

            try:
                search_fields[message_id] = get_search_fields(rendered_content, topic_name,
                                                              content_matches, topic_matches)
            except UnicodeDecodeError as err:  # nocoverage
                # No coverage for this block since it should be
                # impossible, and we plan to remove it once we've
                # debugged the case that makes it happen.
                raise Exception(str(err), message_id, narrow)

    message_list = messages_for_ids(
        message_ids=message_ids,
        user_message_flags=user_message_flags,
        search_fields=search_fields,
        apply_markdown=apply_markdown,
        client_gravatar=client_gravatar,
        allow_edit_history=user_profile.realm.allow_edit_history,
    )

    statsd.incr('loaded_old_messages', len(message_list))

    ret = dict(
        messages=message_list,
        result='success',
        msg='',
        found_anchor=query_info['found_anchor'],
        found_oldest=query_info['found_oldest'],
        found_newest=query_info['found_newest'],
        history_limited=query_info['history_limited'],
        anchor=anchor,
    )
    return json_success(ret)

def limit_query_to_range(query: Query,
                         num_before: int,
                         num_after: int,
                         anchor: int,
                         anchored_to_left: bool,
                         anchored_to_right: bool,
                         id_col: ColumnElement,
                         first_visible_message_id: int) -> Query:
    '''
    This code is actually generic enough that we could move it to a
    library, but our only caller for now is message search.
    '''
    need_before_query = (not anchored_to_left) and (num_before > 0)
    need_after_query = (not anchored_to_right) and (num_after > 0)

    need_both_sides = need_before_query and need_after_query

    # The semantics of our flags are as follows:
    #
    # num_after = number of rows < anchor
    # num_after = number of rows > anchor
    #
    # But we also want the row where id == anchor (if it exists),
    # and we don't want to union up to 3 queries.  So in some cases
    # we do things like `after_limit = num_after + 1` to grab the
    # anchor row in the "after" query.
    #
    # Note that in some cases, if the anchor row isn't found, we
    # actually may fetch an extra row at one of the extremes.
    if need_both_sides:
        before_anchor = anchor - 1
        after_anchor = max(anchor, first_visible_message_id)
        before_limit = num_before
        after_limit = num_after + 1
    elif need_before_query:
        before_anchor = anchor
        before_limit = num_before
        if not anchored_to_right:
            before_limit += 1
    elif need_after_query:
        after_anchor = max(anchor, first_visible_message_id)
        after_limit = num_after + 1

    if need_before_query:
        before_query = query

        if not anchored_to_right:
            before_query = before_query.where(id_col <= before_anchor)

        before_query = before_query.order_by(id_col.desc())
        before_query = before_query.limit(before_limit)

    if need_after_query:
        after_query = query

        if not anchored_to_left:
            after_query = after_query.where(id_col >= after_anchor)

        after_query = after_query.order_by(id_col.asc())
        after_query = after_query.limit(after_limit)

    if need_both_sides:
        query = union_all(before_query.self_group(), after_query.self_group())
    elif need_before_query:
        query = before_query
    elif need_after_query:
        query = after_query
    else:
        # If we don't have either a before_query or after_query, it's because
        # some combination of num_before/num_after/anchor are zero or
        # use_first_unread_anchor logic found no unread messages.
        #
        # The most likely reason is somebody is doing an id search, so searching
        # for something like `message_id = 42` is exactly what we want.  In other
        # cases, which could possibly be buggy API clients, at least we will
        # return at most one row here.
        query = query.where(id_col == anchor)

    return query

def post_process_limited_query(rows: List[Any],
                               num_before: int,
                               num_after: int,
                               anchor: int,
                               anchored_to_left: bool,
                               anchored_to_right: bool,
                               first_visible_message_id: int) -> Dict[str, Any]:
    # Our queries may have fetched extra rows if they added
    # "headroom" to the limits, but we want to truncate those
    # rows.
    #
    # Also, in cases where we had non-zero values of num_before or
    # num_after, we want to know found_oldest and found_newest, so
    # that the clients will know that they got complete results.

    if first_visible_message_id > 0:
        visible_rows = [r for r in rows if r[0] >= first_visible_message_id]
    else:
        visible_rows = rows

    rows_limited = len(visible_rows) != len(rows)

    if anchored_to_right:
        num_after = 0
        before_rows = visible_rows[:]
        anchor_rows = []  # type: List[Any]
        after_rows = []  # type: List[Any]
    else:
        before_rows = [r for r in visible_rows if r[0] < anchor]
        anchor_rows = [r for r in visible_rows if r[0] == anchor]
        after_rows = [r for r in visible_rows if r[0] > anchor]

    if num_before:
        before_rows = before_rows[-1 * num_before:]

    if num_after:
        after_rows = after_rows[:num_after]

    visible_rows = before_rows + anchor_rows + after_rows

    found_anchor = len(anchor_rows) == 1
    found_oldest = anchored_to_left or (len(before_rows) < num_before)
    found_newest = anchored_to_right or (len(after_rows) < num_after)
    # BUG: history_limited is incorrect False in the event that we had
    # to bump `anchor` up due to first_visible_message_id, and there
    # were actually older messages.  This may be a rare event in the
    # context where history_limited is relevant, because it can only
    # happen in one-sided queries with no num_before (see tests tagged
    # BUG in PostProcessTest for examples), and we don't generally do
    # those from the UI, so this might be OK for now.
    #
    # The correct fix for this probably involves e.g. making a
    # `before_query` when we increase `anchor` just to confirm whether
    # messages were hidden.
    history_limited = rows_limited and found_oldest

    return dict(
        rows=visible_rows,
        found_anchor=found_anchor,
        found_newest=found_newest,
        found_oldest=found_oldest,
        history_limited=history_limited,
    )

@has_request_variables
def update_message_flags(request: HttpRequest, user_profile: UserProfile,
                         messages: List[int]=REQ(validator=check_list(check_int)),
                         operation: str=REQ('op'), flag: str=REQ()) -> HttpResponse:

    count = do_update_message_flags(user_profile, request.client, operation, flag, messages)

    target_count_str = str(len(messages))
    log_data_str = "[%s %s/%s] actually %s" % (operation, flag, target_count_str, count)
    request._log_data["extra"] = log_data_str

    return json_success({'result': 'success',
                         'messages': messages,
                         'msg': ''})

@has_request_variables
def mark_all_as_read(request: HttpRequest, user_profile: UserProfile) -> HttpResponse:
    count = do_mark_all_as_read(user_profile, request.client)

    log_data_str = "[%s updated]" % (count,)
    request._log_data["extra"] = log_data_str

    return json_success({'result': 'success',
                         'msg': ''})

@has_request_variables
def mark_stream_as_read(request: HttpRequest,
                        user_profile: UserProfile,
                        stream_id: int=REQ(validator=check_int)) -> HttpResponse:
    stream, recipient, sub = access_stream_by_id(user_profile, stream_id)
    count = do_mark_stream_messages_as_read(user_profile, request.client, stream)

    log_data_str = "[%s updated]" % (count,)
    request._log_data["extra"] = log_data_str

    return json_success({'result': 'success',
                         'msg': ''})

@has_request_variables
def mark_topic_as_read(request: HttpRequest,
                       user_profile: UserProfile,
                       stream_id: int=REQ(validator=check_int),
                       topic_name: str=REQ()) -> HttpResponse:
    stream, recipient, sub = access_stream_by_id(user_profile, stream_id)

    if topic_name:
        topic_exists = user_message_exists_for_topic(
            user_profile=user_profile,
            recipient=recipient,
            topic_name=topic_name,
        )

        if not topic_exists:
            raise JsonableError(_('No such topic \'%s\'') % (topic_name,))

    count = do_mark_stream_messages_as_read(user_profile, request.client, stream, topic_name)

    log_data_str = "[%s updated]" % (count,)
    request._log_data["extra"] = log_data_str

    return json_success({'result': 'success',
                         'msg': ''})

class InvalidMirrorInput(Exception):
    pass

def create_mirrored_message_users(request: HttpRequest, user_profile: UserProfile,
                                  recipients: Iterable[str]) -> UserProfile:
    if "sender" not in request.POST:
        raise InvalidMirrorInput("No sender")

    sender_email = request.POST["sender"].strip().lower()
    referenced_users = {sender_email}
    if request.POST['type'] == 'private':
        for email in recipients:
            referenced_users.add(email.lower())

    if request.client.name == "zephyr_mirror":
        user_check = same_realm_zephyr_user
        fullname_function = compute_mit_user_fullname
    elif request.client.name == "irc_mirror":
        user_check = same_realm_irc_user
        fullname_function = compute_irc_user_fullname
    elif request.client.name in ("jabber_mirror", "JabberMirror"):
        user_check = same_realm_jabber_user
        fullname_function = compute_jabber_user_fullname
    else:
        raise InvalidMirrorInput("Unrecognized mirroring client")

    for email in referenced_users:
        # Check that all referenced users are in our realm:
        if not user_check(user_profile, email):
            raise InvalidMirrorInput("At least one user cannot be mirrored")

    # Create users for the referenced users, if needed.
    for email in referenced_users:
        create_mirror_user_if_needed(user_profile.realm, email, fullname_function)

    sender = get_user_including_cross_realm(sender_email, user_profile.realm)
    return sender

def same_realm_zephyr_user(user_profile: UserProfile, email: str) -> bool:
    #
    # Are the sender and recipient both addresses in the same Zephyr
    # mirroring realm?  We have to handle this specially, inferring
    # the domain from the e-mail address, because the recipient may
    # not existing in Zulip and we may need to make a stub Zephyr
    # mirroring user on the fly.
    try:
        validators.validate_email(email)
    except ValidationError:
        return False

    domain = email_to_domain(email)

    # Assumes allow_subdomains=False for all RealmDomain's corresponding to
    # these realms.
    return user_profile.realm.is_zephyr_mirror_realm and \
        RealmDomain.objects.filter(realm=user_profile.realm, domain=domain).exists()

def same_realm_irc_user(user_profile: UserProfile, email: str) -> bool:
    # Check whether the target email address is an IRC user in the
    # same realm as user_profile, i.e. if the domain were example.com,
    # the IRC user would need to be username@irc.example.com
    try:
        validators.validate_email(email)
    except ValidationError:
        return False

    domain = email_to_domain(email).replace("irc.", "")

    # Assumes allow_subdomains=False for all RealmDomain's corresponding to
    # these realms.
    return RealmDomain.objects.filter(realm=user_profile.realm, domain=domain).exists()

def same_realm_jabber_user(user_profile: UserProfile, email: str) -> bool:
    try:
        validators.validate_email(email)
    except ValidationError:
        return False

    # If your Jabber users have a different email domain than the
    # Zulip users, this is where you would do any translation.
    domain = email_to_domain(email)

    # Assumes allow_subdomains=False for all RealmDomain's corresponding to
    # these realms.
    return RealmDomain.objects.filter(realm=user_profile.realm, domain=domain).exists()

def handle_deferred_message(sender: UserProfile, client: Client,
                            message_type_name: str,
                            message_to: Union[Sequence[str], Sequence[int]],
                            topic_name: Optional[str],
                            message_content: str, delivery_type: str,
                            defer_until: str, tz_guess: Optional[str],
                            forwarder_user_profile: UserProfile,
                            realm: Optional[Realm]) -> HttpResponse:
    deliver_at = None
    local_tz = 'UTC'
    if tz_guess:
        local_tz = tz_guess
    elif sender.timezone:
        local_tz = sender.timezone
    try:
        deliver_at = dateparser(defer_until)
    except ValueError:
        return json_error(_("Invalid time format"))

    deliver_at_usertz = deliver_at
    if deliver_at_usertz.tzinfo is None:
        user_tz = get_timezone(local_tz)
        # Since mypy is not able to recognize localize and normalize as attributes of tzinfo we use ignore.
        deliver_at_usertz = user_tz.normalize(user_tz.localize(deliver_at))  # type: ignore # Reason in comment on previous line.
    deliver_at = convert_to_UTC(deliver_at_usertz)

    if deliver_at <= timezone_now():
        return json_error(_("Time must be in the future."))

    check_schedule_message(sender, client, message_type_name, message_to,
                           topic_name, message_content, delivery_type,
                           deliver_at, realm=realm,
                           forwarder_user_profile=forwarder_user_profile)
    return json_success({"deliver_at": str(deliver_at_usertz)})

@has_request_variables
def send_message_backend(request: HttpRequest, user_profile: UserProfile,
                         message_type_name: str=REQ('type'),
                         req_to: Optional[str]=REQ('to', default=None),
                         forged_str: Optional[str]=REQ("forged",
                                                       default=None,
                                                       documentation_pending=True),
                         topic_name: Optional[str]=REQ_topic(),
                         message_content: str=REQ('content'),
                         widget_content: Optional[str]=REQ(default=None,
                                                           documentation_pending=True),
                         realm_str: Optional[str]=REQ('realm_str', default=None,
                                                      documentation_pending=True),
                         local_id: Optional[str]=REQ(default=None,
                                                     documentation_pending=True),
                         queue_id: Optional[str]=REQ(default=None,
                                                     documentation_pending=True),
                         delivery_type: Optional[str]=REQ('delivery_type', default='send_now',
                                                          documentation_pending=True),
                         defer_until: Optional[str]=REQ('deliver_at', default=None,
                                                        documentation_pending=True),
                         tz_guess: Optional[str]=REQ('tz_guess', default=None,
                                                     documentation_pending=True)
                         ) -> HttpResponse:

    # If req_to is None, then we default to an
    # empty list of recipients.
    message_to = []  # type: Union[Sequence[int], Sequence[str]]

    if req_to is not None:
        if message_type_name == 'stream':
            stream_indicator = extract_stream_indicator(req_to)

            # For legacy reasons check_send_message expects
            # a list of streams, instead of a single stream.
            #
            # Also, mypy can't detect that a single-item
            # list populated from a Union[int, str] is actually
            # a Union[Sequence[int], Sequence[str]].
            message_to = cast(
                Union[Sequence[int], Sequence[str]],
                [stream_indicator]
            )
        else:
            message_to = extract_private_recipients(req_to)

    # Temporary hack: We're transitioning `forged` from accepting
    # `yes` to accepting `true` like all of our normal booleans.
    forged = forged_str is not None and forged_str in ["yes", "true"]

    client = request.client
    is_super_user = request.user.is_api_super_user
    if forged and not is_super_user:
        return json_error(_("User not authorized for this query"))

    realm = None
    if realm_str and realm_str != user_profile.realm.string_id:
        if not is_super_user:
            # The email gateway bot needs to be able to send messages in
            # any realm.
            return json_error(_("User not authorized for this query"))
        try:
            realm = get_realm(realm_str)
        except Realm.DoesNotExist:
            return json_error(_("Unknown organization '%s'") % (realm_str,))

    if client.name in ["zephyr_mirror", "irc_mirror", "jabber_mirror", "JabberMirror"]:
        # Here's how security works for mirroring:
        #
        # For private messages, the message must be (1) both sent and
        # received exclusively by users in your realm, and (2)
        # received by the forwarding user.
        #
        # For stream messages, the message must be (1) being forwarded
        # by an API superuser for your realm and (2) being sent to a
        # mirrored stream.
        #
        # The most important security checks are in
        # `create_mirrored_message_users` below, which checks the
        # same-realm constraint.
        if "sender" not in request.POST:
            return json_error(_("Missing sender"))
        if message_type_name != "private" and not is_super_user:
            return json_error(_("User not authorized for this query"))

        # For now, mirroring only works with recipient emails, not for
        # recipient user IDs.
        if not all(isinstance(to_item, str) for to_item in message_to):
            return json_error(_("Mirroring not allowed with recipient user IDs"))

        # We need this manual cast so that mypy doesn't complain about
        # create_mirrored_message_users not being able to accept a Sequence[int]
        # type parameter.
        message_to = cast(Sequence[str], message_to)

        try:
            mirror_sender = create_mirrored_message_users(request, user_profile, message_to)
        except InvalidMirrorInput:
            return json_error(_("Invalid mirrored message"))

        if client.name == "zephyr_mirror" and not user_profile.realm.is_zephyr_mirror_realm:
            return json_error(_("Zephyr mirroring is not allowed in this organization"))
        sender = mirror_sender
    else:
        if "sender" in request.POST:
            return json_error(_("Invalid mirrored message"))
        sender = user_profile

    if (delivery_type == 'send_later' or delivery_type == 'remind') and defer_until is None:
        return json_error(_("Missing deliver_at in a request for delayed message delivery"))

    if (delivery_type == 'send_later' or delivery_type == 'remind') and defer_until is not None:
        return handle_deferred_message(sender, client, message_type_name,
                                       message_to, topic_name, message_content,
                                       delivery_type, defer_until, tz_guess,
                                       forwarder_user_profile=user_profile,
                                       realm=realm)

    ret = check_send_message(sender, client, message_type_name, message_to,
                             topic_name, message_content, forged=forged,
                             forged_timestamp = request.POST.get('time'),
                             forwarder_user_profile=user_profile, realm=realm,
                             local_id=local_id, sender_queue_id=queue_id,
                             widget_content=widget_content)
    return json_success({"id": ret})

def fill_edit_history_entries(message_history: List[Dict[str, Any]], message: Message) -> None:
    """This fills out the message edit history entries from the database,
    which are designed to have the minimum data possible, to instead
    have the current topic + content as of that time, plus data on
    whatever changed.  This makes it much simpler to do future
    processing.

    Note that this mutates what is passed to it, which is sorta a bad pattern.
    """
    prev_content = message.content
    prev_rendered_content = message.rendered_content
    prev_topic = message.topic_name()

    # Make sure that the latest entry in the history corresponds to the
    # message's last edit time
    if len(message_history) > 0:
        assert message.last_edit_time is not None
        assert(datetime_to_timestamp(message.last_edit_time) ==
               message_history[0]['timestamp'])

    for entry in message_history:
        entry['topic'] = prev_topic
        if LEGACY_PREV_TOPIC in entry:
            prev_topic = entry[LEGACY_PREV_TOPIC]
            entry['prev_topic'] = prev_topic
            del entry[LEGACY_PREV_TOPIC]

        entry['content'] = prev_content
        entry['rendered_content'] = prev_rendered_content
        if 'prev_content' in entry:
            del entry['prev_rendered_content_version']
            prev_content = entry['prev_content']
            prev_rendered_content = entry['prev_rendered_content']
            assert prev_rendered_content is not None
            entry['content_html_diff'] = highlight_html_differences(
                prev_rendered_content,
                entry['rendered_content'],
                message.id)

    message_history.append(dict(
        topic = prev_topic,
        content = prev_content,
        rendered_content = prev_rendered_content,
        timestamp = datetime_to_timestamp(message.date_sent),
        user_id = message.sender_id,
    ))

@has_request_variables
def get_message_edit_history(request: HttpRequest, user_profile: UserProfile,
                             message_id: int=REQ(converter=to_non_negative_int,
                                                 path_only=True)) -> HttpResponse:
    if not user_profile.realm.allow_edit_history:
        return json_error(_("Message edit history is disabled in this organization"))
    message, ignored_user_message = access_message(user_profile, message_id)

    # Extract the message edit history from the message
    if message.edit_history is not None:
        message_edit_history = ujson.loads(message.edit_history)
    else:
        message_edit_history = []

    # Fill in all the extra data that will make it usable
    fill_edit_history_entries(message_edit_history, message)
    return json_success({"message_history": reversed(message_edit_history)})

PROPAGATE_MODE_VALUES = ["change_later", "change_one", "change_all"]
@has_request_variables
def update_message_backend(request: HttpRequest, user_profile: UserMessage,
                           message_id: int=REQ(converter=to_non_negative_int, path_only=True),
                           stream_id: Optional[int]=REQ(converter=to_non_negative_int, default=None),
                           topic_name: Optional[str]=REQ_topic(),
                           propagate_mode: Optional[str]=REQ(
                               default="change_one",
                               str_validator=check_string_in(PROPAGATE_MODE_VALUES)),
                           content: Optional[str]=REQ(default=None)) -> HttpResponse:
    if not user_profile.realm.allow_message_editing:
        return json_error(_("Your organization has turned off message editing"))

    if propagate_mode != "change_one" and topic_name is None and stream_id is None:
        return json_error(_("Invalid propagate_mode without topic edit"))

    message, ignored_user_message = access_message(user_profile, message_id)
    is_no_topic_msg = (message.topic_name() == "(no topic)")

    # You only have permission to edit a message if:
    # you change this value also change those two parameters in message_edit.js.
    # 1. You sent it, OR:
    # 2. This is a topic-only edit for a (no topic) message, OR:
    # 3. This is a topic-only edit and you are an admin, OR:
    # 4. This is a topic-only edit and your realm allows users to edit topics.
    if message.sender == user_profile:
        pass
    elif (content is None) and (is_no_topic_msg or
                                user_profile.is_realm_admin or
                                user_profile.realm.allow_community_topic_editing):
        pass
    else:
        raise JsonableError(_("You don't have permission to edit this message"))

    # If there is a change to the content, check that it hasn't been too long
    # Allow an extra 20 seconds since we potentially allow editing 15 seconds
    # past the limit, and in case there are network issues, etc. The 15 comes
    # from (min_seconds_to_edit + seconds_left_buffer) in message_edit.js; if
    # you change this value also change those two parameters in message_edit.js.
    edit_limit_buffer = 20
    if content is not None and user_profile.realm.message_content_edit_limit_seconds > 0:
        deadline_seconds = user_profile.realm.message_content_edit_limit_seconds + edit_limit_buffer
        if (timezone_now() - message.date_sent) > datetime.timedelta(seconds=deadline_seconds):
            raise JsonableError(_("The time limit for editing this message has passed"))

    # If there is a change to the topic, check that the user is allowed to
    # edit it and that it has not been too long. If this is not the user who
    # sent the message, they are not the admin, and the time limit for editing
    # topics is passed, raise an error.
    if content is None and message.sender != user_profile and not user_profile.is_realm_admin and \
            not is_no_topic_msg:
        deadline_seconds = Realm.DEFAULT_COMMUNITY_TOPIC_EDITING_LIMIT_SECONDS + edit_limit_buffer
        if (timezone_now() - message.date_sent) > datetime.timedelta(seconds=deadline_seconds):
            raise JsonableError(_("The time limit for editing this message has passed"))

    if topic_name is None and content is None and stream_id is None:
        return json_error(_("Nothing to change"))
    if topic_name is not None:
        topic_name = topic_name.strip()
        if topic_name == "":
            raise JsonableError(_("Topic can't be empty"))
    rendered_content = None
    links_for_embed = set()  # type: Set[str]
    prior_mention_user_ids = set()  # type: Set[int]
    mention_user_ids = set()  # type: Set[int]
    mention_data = None  # type: Optional[bugdown.MentionData]
    if content is not None:
        content = content.strip()
        if content == "":
            content = "(deleted)"
        content = truncate_body(content)

        mention_data = bugdown.MentionData(
            realm_id=user_profile.realm.id,
            content=content,
        )
        user_info = get_user_info_for_message_updates(message.id)
        prior_mention_user_ids = user_info['mention_user_ids']

        # We render the message using the current user's realm; since
        # the cross-realm bots never edit messages, this should be
        # always correct.
        # Note: If rendering fails, the called code will raise a JsonableError.
        rendered_content = render_incoming_message(message,
                                                   content,
                                                   user_info['message_user_ids'],
                                                   user_profile.realm,
                                                   mention_data=mention_data)
        links_for_embed |= message.links_for_preview

        mention_user_ids = message.mentions_user_ids

    new_stream = None
    old_stream = None
    number_changed = 0

    if stream_id is not None:
        if not user_profile.is_realm_admin:
            raise JsonableError(_("You don't have permission to move this message"))
        if content is not None:
            raise JsonableError(_("Cannot change message content while changing stream"))

        old_stream = get_stream_by_id(message.recipient.type_id)
        new_stream = get_stream_by_id(stream_id)

        if not (old_stream.is_public() and new_stream.is_public()):
            # We'll likely decide to relax this condition in the
            # future; it just requires more care with details like the
            # breadcrumb messages.
            raise JsonableError(_("Streams must be public"))

    number_changed = do_update_message(user_profile, message, new_stream,
                                       topic_name, propagate_mode,
                                       content, rendered_content,
                                       prior_mention_user_ids,
                                       mention_user_ids, mention_data)

    # Include the number of messages changed in the logs
    request._log_data['extra'] = "[%s]" % (number_changed,)
    if links_for_embed and bugdown.url_embed_preview_enabled(message):
        event_data = {
            'message_id': message.id,
            'message_content': message.content,
            # The choice of `user_profile.realm_id` rather than
            # `sender.realm_id` must match the decision made in the
            # `render_incoming_message` call earlier in this function.
            'message_realm_id': user_profile.realm_id,
            'urls': links_for_embed}
        queue_json_publish('embed_links', event_data)
    return json_success()


def validate_can_delete_message(user_profile: UserProfile, message: Message) -> None:
    if user_profile.is_realm_admin:
        # Admin can delete any message, any time.
        return
    if message.sender != user_profile:
        # Users can only delete messages sent by them.
        raise JsonableError(_("You don't have permission to delete this message"))
    if not user_profile.realm.allow_message_deleting:
        # User can not delete message, if message deleting is not allowed in realm.
        raise JsonableError(_("You don't have permission to delete this message"))

    deadline_seconds = user_profile.realm.message_content_delete_limit_seconds
    if deadline_seconds == 0:
        # 0 for no time limit to delete message
        return
    if (timezone_now() - message.date_sent) > datetime.timedelta(seconds=deadline_seconds):
        # User can not delete message after deadline time of realm
        raise JsonableError(_("The time limit for deleting this message has passed"))
    return

@has_request_variables
def delete_message_backend(request: HttpRequest, user_profile: UserProfile,
                           message_id: int=REQ(converter=to_non_negative_int,
                                               path_only=True)) -> HttpResponse:
    message, ignored_user_message = access_message(user_profile, message_id)
    validate_can_delete_message(user_profile, message)
    try:
        do_delete_messages(user_profile.realm, [message])
    except (Message.DoesNotExist, IntegrityError):
        raise JsonableError(_("Message already deleted"))
    return json_success()

@has_request_variables
def json_fetch_raw_message(request: HttpRequest, user_profile: UserProfile,
                           message_id: int=REQ(converter=to_non_negative_int,
                                               path_only=True)) -> HttpResponse:
    (message, user_message) = access_message(user_profile, message_id)
    return json_success({"raw_content": message.content})

@has_request_variables
def render_message_backend(request: HttpRequest, user_profile: UserProfile,
                           content: str=REQ()) -> HttpResponse:
    message = Message()
    message.sender = user_profile
    message.content = content
    message.sending_client = request.client

    rendered_content = render_markdown(message, content, realm=user_profile.realm)
    return json_success({"rendered": rendered_content})

@has_request_variables
def messages_in_narrow_backend(request: HttpRequest, user_profile: UserProfile,
                               msg_ids: List[int]=REQ(validator=check_list(check_int)),
                               narrow: OptionalNarrowListT=REQ(converter=narrow_parameter)
                               ) -> HttpResponse:

    first_visible_message_id = get_first_visible_message_id(user_profile.realm)
    msg_ids = [message_id for message_id in msg_ids if message_id >= first_visible_message_id]
    # This query is limited to messages the user has access to because they
    # actually received them, as reflected in `zerver_usermessage`.
    query = select([column("message_id"), topic_column_sa(), column("rendered_content")],
                   and_(column("user_profile_id") == literal(user_profile.id),
                        column("message_id").in_(msg_ids)),
                   join(table("zerver_usermessage"), table("zerver_message"),
                        literal_column("zerver_usermessage.message_id") ==
                        literal_column("zerver_message.id")))

    builder = NarrowBuilder(user_profile, column("message_id"))
    if narrow is not None:
        for term in narrow:
            query = builder.add_term(query, term)

    sa_conn = get_sqlalchemy_connection()
    query_result = list(sa_conn.execute(query).fetchall())

    search_fields = dict()
    for row in query_result:
        message_id = row['message_id']
        topic_name = row[DB_TOPIC_NAME]
        rendered_content = row['rendered_content']

        if 'content_matches' in row:
            content_matches = row['content_matches']
            topic_matches = row['topic_matches']
            search_fields[message_id] = get_search_fields(rendered_content, topic_name,
                                                          content_matches, topic_matches)
        else:
            search_fields[message_id] = {
                'match_content': rendered_content,
                MATCH_TOPIC: escape_html(topic_name),
            }

    return json_success({"messages": search_fields})