zulip/zerver/tests/test_decorators.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import base64
import mock
import re
import os
from collections import defaultdict

from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Tuple
from django_otp.conf import settings as otp_settings

from django.test import TestCase, override_settings
from django.http import HttpResponse, HttpRequest
from django.test.client import RequestFactory
from django.conf import settings

from zerver.forms import OurAuthenticationForm
from zerver.lib.actions import do_deactivate_realm, do_deactivate_user, \
    do_reactivate_user, do_reactivate_realm
from zerver.lib.exceptions import JsonableError
from zerver.lib.initial_password import initial_password
from zerver.lib.test_helpers import (
    HostRequestMock,
)
from zerver.lib.test_classes import (
    ZulipTestCase,
    WebhookTestCase,
)
from zerver.lib.response import json_response
from zerver.lib.users import get_api_key
from zerver.lib.user_agent import parse_user_agent
from zerver.lib.request import \
    REQ, has_request_variables, RequestVariableMissingError, \
    RequestVariableConversionError
from zerver.decorator import (
    api_key_only_webhook_view,
    authenticated_api_view,
    authenticated_rest_api_view,
    authenticate_notify, cachify,
    get_client_name, internal_notify_view, is_local_addr,
    rate_limit, validate_api_key, logged_in_and_active,
    return_success_on_head_request, to_not_negative_int_or_none,
    zulip_login_required
)
from zerver.lib.cache import ignore_unhashable_lru_cache
from zerver.lib.validator import (
    check_string, check_dict, check_dict_only, check_bool, check_float, check_int, check_list, Validator,
    check_variable_type, equals, check_none_or, check_url, check_short_string,
    check_string_fixed_length, check_capped_string
)
from zerver.models import \
    get_realm, get_user, UserProfile, Client, Realm, Recipient

import ujson

class DecoratorTestCase(TestCase):
    def test_get_client_name(self) -> None:
        class Request:
            def __init__(self, GET: Dict[str, str], POST: Dict[str, str], META: Dict[str, str]) -> None:
                self.GET = GET
                self.POST = POST
                self.META = META

        req = Request(
            GET=dict(),
            POST=dict(),
            META=dict(),
        )

        self.assertEqual(get_client_name(req, is_browser_view=True), 'website')
        self.assertEqual(get_client_name(req, is_browser_view=False), 'Unspecified')

        req = Request(
            GET=dict(),
            POST=dict(),
            META=dict(HTTP_USER_AGENT='Mozilla/bla bla bla'),
        )

        self.assertEqual(get_client_name(req, is_browser_view=True), 'website')
        self.assertEqual(get_client_name(req, is_browser_view=False), 'Mozilla')

        req = Request(
            GET=dict(),
            POST=dict(),
            META=dict(HTTP_USER_AGENT='ZulipDesktop/bla bla bla'),
        )

        self.assertEqual(get_client_name(req, is_browser_view=True), 'ZulipDesktop')
        self.assertEqual(get_client_name(req, is_browser_view=False), 'ZulipDesktop')

        req = Request(
            GET=dict(),
            POST=dict(),
            META=dict(HTTP_USER_AGENT='ZulipMobile/bla bla bla'),
        )

        self.assertEqual(get_client_name(req, is_browser_view=True), 'ZulipMobile')
        self.assertEqual(get_client_name(req, is_browser_view=False), 'ZulipMobile')

        req = Request(
            GET=dict(client='fancy phone'),
            POST=dict(),
            META=dict(),
        )

        self.assertEqual(get_client_name(req, is_browser_view=True), 'fancy phone')
        self.assertEqual(get_client_name(req, is_browser_view=False), 'fancy phone')

    def test_REQ_converter(self) -> None:

        def my_converter(data: str) -> List[int]:
            lst = ujson.loads(data)
            if not isinstance(lst, list):
                raise ValueError('not a list')
            if 13 in lst:
                raise JsonableError('13 is an unlucky number!')
            return [int(elem) for elem in lst]

        @has_request_variables
        def get_total(request: HttpRequest, numbers: Iterable[int]=REQ(converter=my_converter)) -> int:
            return sum(numbers)

        class Request:
            GET = {}  # type: Dict[str, str]
            POST = {}  # type: Dict[str, str]

        request = Request()

        with self.assertRaises(RequestVariableMissingError):
            get_total(request)

        request.POST['numbers'] = 'bad_value'
        with self.assertRaises(RequestVariableConversionError) as cm:
            get_total(request)
        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception), "Bad value for 'numbers': bad_value")

        request.POST['numbers'] = ujson.dumps('{fun: unfun}')
        with self.assertRaises(JsonableError) as cm:
            get_total(request)
        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception), 'Bad value for \'numbers\': "{fun: unfun}"')

        request.POST['numbers'] = ujson.dumps([2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21])
        with self.assertRaises(JsonableError) as cm:
            get_total(request)
        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception), "13 is an unlucky number!")

        request.POST['numbers'] = ujson.dumps([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
        result = get_total(request)
        self.assertEqual(result, 21)

    def test_REQ_converter_and_validator_invalid(self) -> None:
        with self.assertRaisesRegex(AssertionError, "converter and validator are mutually exclusive"):
            @has_request_variables
            def get_total(request: HttpRequest,
                          numbers: Iterable[int]=REQ(validator=check_list(check_int),
                                                     converter=lambda x: [])) -> int:
                return sum(numbers)  # nocoverage -- isn't intended to be run

    def test_REQ_validator(self) -> None:

        @has_request_variables
        def get_total(request: HttpRequest,
                      numbers: Iterable[int]=REQ(validator=check_list(check_int))) -> int:
            return sum(numbers)

        class Request:
            GET = {}  # type: Dict[str, str]
            POST = {}  # type: Dict[str, str]

        request = Request()

        with self.assertRaises(RequestVariableMissingError):
            get_total(request)

        request.POST['numbers'] = 'bad_value'
        with self.assertRaises(JsonableError) as cm:
            get_total(request)
        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception), 'Argument "numbers" is not valid JSON.')

        request.POST['numbers'] = ujson.dumps([1, 2, "what?", 4, 5, 6])
        with self.assertRaises(JsonableError) as cm:
            get_total(request)
        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception), 'numbers[2] is not an integer')

        request.POST['numbers'] = ujson.dumps([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
        result = get_total(request)
        self.assertEqual(result, 21)

    def test_REQ_str_validator(self) -> None:

        @has_request_variables
        def get_middle_characters(request: HttpRequest,
                                  value: str=REQ(str_validator=check_string_fixed_length(5))) -> str:
            return value[1:-1]

        class Request:
            GET = {}  # type: Dict[str, str]
            POST = {}  # type: Dict[str, str]

        request = Request()

        with self.assertRaises(RequestVariableMissingError):
            get_middle_characters(request)

        request.POST['value'] = 'long_value'
        with self.assertRaises(JsonableError) as cm:
            get_middle_characters(request)
        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception), 'value has incorrect length 10; should be 5')

        request.POST['value'] = 'valid'
        result = get_middle_characters(request)
        self.assertEqual(result, 'ali')

    def test_REQ_argument_type(self) -> None:
        @has_request_variables
        def get_payload(request: HttpRequest,
                        payload: Dict[str, Any]=REQ(argument_type='body')) -> Dict[str, Any]:
            return payload

        class MockRequest:
            body = {}  # type: Any

        request = MockRequest()

        request.body = 'notjson'
        with self.assertRaises(JsonableError) as cm:
            get_payload(request)
        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception), 'Malformed JSON')

        request.body = '{"a": "b"}'
        self.assertEqual(get_payload(request), {'a': 'b'})

        # Test we properly handle an invalid argument_type.
        with self.assertRaises(Exception) as cm:
            @has_request_variables
            def test(request: HttpRequest,
                     payload: Any=REQ(argument_type="invalid")) -> None:
                # Any is ok; exception should occur in decorator:
                pass  # nocoverage # this function isn't meant to be called
            test(request)

    def test_api_key_only_webhook_view(self) -> None:
        @api_key_only_webhook_view('ClientName')
        def my_webhook(request: HttpRequest, user_profile: UserProfile) -> str:
            return user_profile.email

        @api_key_only_webhook_view('ClientName')
        def my_webhook_raises_exception(request: HttpRequest, user_profile: UserProfile) -> None:
            raise Exception("raised by webhook function")

        webhook_bot_email = 'webhook-bot@zulip.com'
        webhook_bot_realm = get_realm('zulip')
        webhook_bot = get_user(webhook_bot_email, webhook_bot_realm)
        webhook_bot_api_key = get_api_key(webhook_bot)
        webhook_client_name = "ZulipClientNameWebhook"

        request = HostRequestMock()
        request.POST['api_key'] = 'not_existing_api_key'

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(JsonableError, "Invalid API key"):
            my_webhook(request)  # type: ignore # mypy doesn't seem to apply the decorator

        # Start a valid request here
        request.POST['api_key'] = webhook_bot_api_key

        with mock.patch('logging.warning') as mock_warning:
            with self.assertRaisesRegex(JsonableError,
                                        "Account is not associated with this subdomain"):
                api_result = my_webhook(request)  # type: ignore # mypy doesn't seem to apply the decorator

            mock_warning.assert_called_with(
                "User {} ({}) attempted to access API on wrong "
                "subdomain ({})".format(webhook_bot_email, 'zulip', ''))

        with mock.patch('logging.warning') as mock_warning:
            with self.assertRaisesRegex(JsonableError,
                                        "Account is not associated with this subdomain"):
                request.host = "acme." + settings.EXTERNAL_HOST
                api_result = my_webhook(request)  # type: ignore # mypy doesn't seem to apply the decorator

            mock_warning.assert_called_with(
                "User {} ({}) attempted to access API on wrong "
                "subdomain ({})".format(webhook_bot_email, 'zulip', 'acme'))

        request.host = "zulip.testserver"
        # Test when content_type is application/json and request.body
        # is valid JSON; exception raised in the webhook function
        # should be re-raised
        with mock.patch('zerver.decorator.webhook_logger.exception') as mock_exception:
            with self.assertRaisesRegex(Exception, "raised by webhook function"):
                request.body = "{}"
                request.content_type = 'application/json'
                my_webhook_raises_exception(request)  # type: ignore # mypy doesn't seem to apply the decorator

        # Test when content_type is not application/json; exception raised
        # in the webhook function should be re-raised
        with mock.patch('zerver.decorator.webhook_logger.exception') as mock_exception:
            with self.assertRaisesRegex(Exception, "raised by webhook function"):
                request.body = "notjson"
                request.content_type = 'text/plain'
                my_webhook_raises_exception(request)  # type: ignore # mypy doesn't seem to apply the decorator

        # Test when content_type is application/json but request.body
        # is not valid JSON; invalid JSON should be logged and the
        # exception raised in the webhook function should be re-raised
        with mock.patch('zerver.decorator.webhook_logger.exception') as mock_exception:
            with self.assertRaisesRegex(Exception, "raised by webhook function"):
                request.body = "invalidjson"
                request.content_type = 'application/json'
                request.META['HTTP_X_CUSTOM_HEADER'] = 'custom_value'
                my_webhook_raises_exception(request)  # type: ignore # mypy doesn't seem to apply the decorator

            message = """
user: {email} ({realm})
client: {client_name}
URL: {path_info}
content_type: {content_type}
custom_http_headers:
{custom_headers}
body:

{body}
                """
            message = message.strip(' ')
            mock_exception.assert_called_with(message.format(
                email=webhook_bot_email,
                realm=webhook_bot_realm.string_id,
                client_name=webhook_client_name,
                path_info=request.META.get('PATH_INFO'),
                content_type=request.content_type,
                custom_headers="HTTP_X_CUSTOM_HEADER: custom_value\n",
                body=request.body,
            ))

        with self.settings(RATE_LIMITING=True):
            with mock.patch('zerver.decorator.rate_limit_user') as rate_limit_mock:
                api_result = my_webhook(request)  # type: ignore # mypy doesn't seem to apply the decorator

        # Verify rate limiting was attempted.
        self.assertTrue(rate_limit_mock.called)

        # Verify decorator set the magic _email field used by some of our back end logging.
        self.assertEqual(request._email, webhook_bot_email)

        # Verify the main purpose of the decorator, which is that it passed in the
        # user_profile to my_webhook, allowing it return the correct
        # email for the bot (despite the API caller only knowing the API key).
        self.assertEqual(api_result, webhook_bot_email)

        # Now deactivate the user
        webhook_bot.is_active = False
        webhook_bot.save()
        with self.assertRaisesRegex(JsonableError, "Account is deactivated"):
            my_webhook(request)  # type: ignore # mypy doesn't seem to apply the decorator

        # Reactive the user, but deactivate their realm.
        webhook_bot.is_active = True
        webhook_bot.save()
        webhook_bot.realm.deactivated = True
        webhook_bot.realm.save()
        with self.assertRaisesRegex(JsonableError, "This organization has been deactivated"):
            my_webhook(request)  # type: ignore # mypy doesn't seem to apply the decorator


class DecoratorLoggingTestCase(ZulipTestCase):
    def test_authenticated_api_view_logging(self) -> None:
        @authenticated_api_view(is_webhook=True)
        def my_webhook_raises_exception(request: HttpRequest, user_profile: UserProfile) -> None:
            raise Exception("raised by webhook function")

        webhook_bot_email = 'webhook-bot@zulip.com'
        webhook_bot_realm = get_realm('zulip')
        webhook_bot = get_user(webhook_bot_email, webhook_bot_realm)
        webhook_bot_api_key = get_api_key(webhook_bot)

        request = HostRequestMock()
        request.method = 'POST'
        request.POST['api_key'] = webhook_bot_api_key
        request.POST['email'] = webhook_bot_email
        request.host = "zulip.testserver"

        with mock.patch('zerver.decorator.webhook_logger.exception') as mock_exception:
            with self.assertRaisesRegex(Exception, "raised by webhook function"):
                request.body = '{}'
                request.POST['payload'] = '{}'
                request.content_type = 'text/plain'
                my_webhook_raises_exception(request)  # type: ignore # mypy doesn't seem to apply the decorator

            message = """
user: {email} ({realm})
client: {client_name}
URL: {path_info}
content_type: {content_type}
custom_http_headers:
{custom_headers}
body:

{body}
                """
            message = message.strip(' ')
            mock_exception.assert_called_with(message.format(
                email=webhook_bot_email,
                realm=webhook_bot_realm.string_id,
                client_name='Unspecified',
                path_info=request.META.get('PATH_INFO'),
                content_type=request.content_type,
                custom_headers=None,
                body=request.body,
            ))

    def test_authenticated_rest_api_view_logging(self) -> None:
        @authenticated_rest_api_view(webhook_client_name="ClientName")
        def my_webhook_raises_exception(request: HttpRequest, user_profile: UserProfile) -> None:
            raise Exception("raised by webhook function")

        webhook_bot_email = 'webhook-bot@zulip.com'
        webhook_bot_realm = get_realm('zulip')

        request = HostRequestMock()
        request.META['HTTP_AUTHORIZATION'] = self.encode_credentials(webhook_bot_email)
        request.method = 'POST'
        request.host = "zulip.testserver"

        request.body = '{}'
        request.POST['payload'] = '{}'
        request.content_type = 'text/plain'

        with mock.patch('zerver.decorator.webhook_logger.exception') as mock_exception:
            with self.assertRaisesRegex(Exception, "raised by webhook function"):
                my_webhook_raises_exception(request)  # type: ignore # mypy doesn't seem to apply the decorator

            message = """
user: {email} ({realm})
client: {client_name}
URL: {path_info}
content_type: {content_type}
custom_http_headers:
{custom_headers}
body:

{body}
                """
            message = message.strip(' ')
            mock_exception.assert_called_with(message.format(
                email=webhook_bot_email,
                realm=webhook_bot_realm.string_id,
                client_name='ZulipClientNameWebhook',
                path_info=request.META.get('PATH_INFO'),
                content_type=request.content_type,
                custom_headers=None,
                body=request.body,
            ))

    def test_authenticated_rest_api_view_with_non_webhook_view(self) -> None:
        @authenticated_rest_api_view()
        def non_webhook_view_raises_exception(request: HttpRequest, user_profile: UserProfile=None) -> None:
            raise Exception("raised by a non-webhook view")

        request = HostRequestMock()
        request.META['HTTP_AUTHORIZATION'] = self.encode_credentials("aaron@zulip.com")
        request.method = 'POST'
        request.host = "zulip.testserver"

        request.body = '{}'
        request.content_type = 'application/json'

        with mock.patch('zerver.decorator.webhook_logger.exception') as mock_exception:
            with self.assertRaisesRegex(Exception, "raised by a non-webhook view"):
                non_webhook_view_raises_exception(request)

            self.assertFalse(mock_exception.called)

    def test_authenticated_rest_api_view_errors(self) -> None:
        user_profile = self.example_user("hamlet")
        api_key = get_api_key(user_profile)
        credentials = "%s:%s" % (user_profile.email, api_key)
        api_auth = 'Digest ' + base64.b64encode(credentials.encode('utf-8')).decode('utf-8')
        result = self.client_post('/api/v1/external/zendesk', {},
                                  HTTP_AUTHORIZATION=api_auth)
        self.assert_json_error(result, "This endpoint requires HTTP basic authentication.")

        api_auth = 'Basic ' + base64.b64encode("foo".encode('utf-8')).decode('utf-8')
        result = self.client_post('/api/v1/external/zendesk', {},
                                  HTTP_AUTHORIZATION=api_auth)
        self.assert_json_error(result, "Invalid authorization header for basic auth",
                               status_code=401)

        result = self.client_post('/api/v1/external/zendesk', {})
        self.assert_json_error(result, "Missing authorization header for basic auth",
                               status_code=401)

class RateLimitTestCase(TestCase):
    def errors_disallowed(self) -> Any:
        # Due to what is probably a hack in rate_limit(),
        # some tests will give a false positive (or succeed
        # for the wrong reason), unless we complain
        # about logging errors.  There might be a more elegant way
        # make logging errors fail than what I'm doing here.
        class TestLoggingErrorException(Exception):
            pass
        return mock.patch('logging.error', side_effect=TestLoggingErrorException)

    def test_internal_local_clients_skip_rate_limiting(self) -> None:
        class Client:
            name = 'internal'

        class Request:
            client = Client()
            META = {'REMOTE_ADDR': '127.0.0.1'}

        req = Request()

        def f(req: Any) -> str:
            return 'some value'

        f = rate_limit()(f)

        with self.settings(RATE_LIMITING=True):
            with mock.patch('zerver.decorator.rate_limit_user') as rate_limit_mock:
                with self.errors_disallowed():
                    self.assertEqual(f(req), 'some value')

        self.assertFalse(rate_limit_mock.called)

    def test_debug_clients_skip_rate_limiting(self) -> None:
        class Client:
            name = 'internal'

        class Request:
            client = Client()
            META = {'REMOTE_ADDR': '3.3.3.3'}

        req = Request()

        def f(req: Any) -> str:
            return 'some value'

        f = rate_limit()(f)

        with self.settings(RATE_LIMITING=True):
            with mock.patch('zerver.decorator.rate_limit_user') as rate_limit_mock:
                with self.errors_disallowed():
                    with self.settings(DEBUG_RATE_LIMITING=True):
                        self.assertEqual(f(req), 'some value')

        self.assertFalse(rate_limit_mock.called)

    def test_rate_limit_setting_of_false_bypasses_rate_limiting(self) -> None:
        class Client:
            name = 'external'

        class Request:
            client = Client()
            META = {'REMOTE_ADDR': '3.3.3.3'}
            user = 'stub'  # any non-None value here exercises the correct code path

        req = Request()

        def f(req: Any) -> str:
            return 'some value'

        f = rate_limit()(f)

        with self.settings(RATE_LIMITING=False):
            with mock.patch('zerver.decorator.rate_limit_user') as rate_limit_mock:
                with self.errors_disallowed():
                    self.assertEqual(f(req), 'some value')

        self.assertFalse(rate_limit_mock.called)

    def test_rate_limiting_happens_in_normal_case(self) -> None:
        class Client:
            name = 'external'

        class Request:
            client = Client()
            META = {'REMOTE_ADDR': '3.3.3.3'}
            user = 'stub'  # any non-None value here exercises the correct code path

        req = Request()

        def f(req: Any) -> str:
            return 'some value'

        f = rate_limit()(f)

        with self.settings(RATE_LIMITING=True):
            with mock.patch('zerver.decorator.rate_limit_user') as rate_limit_mock:
                with self.errors_disallowed():
                    self.assertEqual(f(req), 'some value')

        self.assertTrue(rate_limit_mock.called)

class ValidatorTestCase(TestCase):
    def test_check_string(self) -> None:
        x = "hello"  # type: Any
        self.assertEqual(check_string('x', x), None)

        x = 4
        self.assertEqual(check_string('x', x), 'x is not a string')

    def test_check_string_fixed_length(self) -> None:
        x = "hello"  # type: Any
        self.assertEqual(check_string_fixed_length(5)('x', x), None)

        x = 4
        self.assertEqual(check_string_fixed_length(5)('x', x), 'x is not a string')

        x = "helloz"
        self.assertEqual(check_string_fixed_length(5)('x', x), 'x has incorrect length 6; should be 5')

        x = "hi"
        self.assertEqual(check_string_fixed_length(5)('x', x), 'x has incorrect length 2; should be 5')

    def test_check_capped_string(self) -> None:
        x = "hello"  # type: Any
        self.assertEqual(check_capped_string(5)('x', x), None)

        x = 4
        self.assertEqual(check_capped_string(5)('x', x), 'x is not a string')

        x = "helloz"
        self.assertEqual(check_capped_string(5)('x', x), 'x is too long (limit: 5 characters)')

        x = "hi"
        self.assertEqual(check_capped_string(5)('x', x), None)

    def test_check_short_string(self) -> None:
        x = "hello"  # type: Any
        self.assertEqual(check_short_string('x', x), None)

        x = 'x' * 201
        self.assertEqual(check_short_string('x', x), "x is too long (limit: 50 characters)")

        x = 4
        self.assertEqual(check_short_string('x', x), 'x is not a string')

    def test_check_bool(self) -> None:
        x = True  # type: Any
        self.assertEqual(check_bool('x', x), None)

        x = 4
        self.assertEqual(check_bool('x', x), 'x is not a boolean')

    def test_check_int(self) -> None:
        x = 5  # type: Any
        self.assertEqual(check_int('x', x), None)

        x = [{}]
        self.assertEqual(check_int('x', x), 'x is not an integer')

    def test_check_to_not_negative_int_or_none(self) -> None:
        self.assertEqual(to_not_negative_int_or_none('5'), 5)
        self.assertEqual(to_not_negative_int_or_none(None), None)
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            to_not_negative_int_or_none('-5')

    def test_check_float(self) -> None:
        x = 5.5  # type: Any
        self.assertEqual(check_float('x', x), None)

        x = 5
        self.assertEqual(check_float('x', x), 'x is not a float')

        x = [{}]
        self.assertEqual(check_float('x', x), 'x is not a float')

    def test_check_list(self) -> None:
        x = 999  # type: Any
        error = check_list(check_string)('x', x)
        self.assertEqual(error, 'x is not a list')

        x = ["hello", 5]
        error = check_list(check_string)('x', x)
        self.assertEqual(error, 'x[1] is not a string')

        x = [["yo"], ["hello", "goodbye", 5]]
        error = check_list(check_list(check_string))('x', x)
        self.assertEqual(error, 'x[1][2] is not a string')

        x = ["hello", "goodbye", "hello again"]
        error = check_list(check_string, length=2)('x', x)
        self.assertEqual(error, 'x should have exactly 2 items')

    def test_check_dict(self) -> None:
        keys = [
            ('names', check_list(check_string)),
            ('city', check_string),
        ]  # type: List[Tuple[str, Validator]]

        x = {
            'names': ['alice', 'bob'],
            'city': 'Boston',
        }  # type: Any
        error = check_dict(keys)('x', x)
        self.assertEqual(error, None)

        x = 999
        error = check_dict(keys)('x', x)
        self.assertEqual(error, 'x is not a dict')

        x = {}
        error = check_dict(keys)('x', x)
        self.assertEqual(error, 'names key is missing from x')

        x = {
            'names': ['alice', 'bob', {}]
        }
        error = check_dict(keys)('x', x)
        self.assertEqual(error, 'x["names"][2] is not a string')

        x = {
            'names': ['alice', 'bob'],
            'city': 5
        }
        error = check_dict(keys)('x', x)
        self.assertEqual(error, 'x["city"] is not a string')

        x = {
            'names': ['alice', 'bob'],
            'city': 'Boston'
        }
        error = check_dict(value_validator=check_string)('x', x)
        self.assertEqual(error, 'x contains a value that is not a string')

        x = {
            'city': 'Boston'
        }
        error = check_dict(value_validator=check_string)('x', x)
        self.assertEqual(error, None)

        # test dict_only
        x = {
            'names': ['alice', 'bob'],
            'city': 'Boston',
        }
        error = check_dict_only(keys)('x', x)
        self.assertEqual(error, None)

        x = {
            'names': ['alice', 'bob'],
            'city': 'Boston',
            'state': 'Massachusetts',
        }
        error = check_dict_only(keys)('x', x)
        self.assertEqual(error, 'Unexpected arguments: state')

    def test_encapsulation(self) -> None:
        # There might be situations where we want deep
        # validation, but the error message should be customized.
        # This is an example.
        def check_person(val: Any) -> Optional[str]:
            error = check_dict([
                ('name', check_string),
                ('age', check_int),
            ])('_', val)
            if error:
                return 'This is not a valid person'
            return None

        person = {'name': 'King Lear', 'age': 42}
        self.assertEqual(check_person(person), None)

        nonperson = 'misconfigured data'
        self.assertEqual(check_person(nonperson), 'This is not a valid person')

    def test_check_variable_type(self) -> None:
        x = 5  # type: Any
        self.assertEqual(check_variable_type([check_string, check_int])('x', x), None)

        x = 'x'
        self.assertEqual(check_variable_type([check_string, check_int])('x', x), None)

        x = [{}]
        self.assertEqual(check_variable_type([check_string, check_int])('x', x), 'x is not an allowed_type')

    def test_equals(self) -> None:
        x = 5  # type: Any
        self.assertEqual(equals(5)('x', x), None)
        self.assertEqual(equals(6)('x', x), 'x != 6 (5 is wrong)')

    def test_check_none_or(self) -> None:
        x = 5  # type: Any
        self.assertEqual(check_none_or(check_int)('x', x), None)
        x = None
        self.assertEqual(check_none_or(check_int)('x', x), None)
        x = 'x'
        self.assertEqual(check_none_or(check_int)('x', x), 'x is not an integer')

    def test_check_url(self) -> None:
        url = "http://127.0.0.1:5002/"  # type: Any
        self.assertEqual(check_url('url', url), None)

        url = "http://zulip-bots.example.com/"
        self.assertEqual(check_url('url', url), None)

        url = "http://127.0.0"
        self.assertEqual(check_url('url', url), 'url is not a URL')

        url = 99.3
        self.assertEqual(check_url('url', url), 'url is not a string')

class DeactivatedRealmTest(ZulipTestCase):
    def test_send_deactivated_realm(self) -> None:
        """
        rest_dispatch rejects requests in a deactivated realm, both /json and api

        """
        realm = get_realm("zulip")
        do_deactivate_realm(get_realm("zulip"))

        result = self.client_post("/json/messages", {"type": "private",
                                                     "content": "Test message",
                                                     "client": "test suite",
                                                     "to": self.example_email("othello")})
        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, "Not logged in", status_code=401)

        # Even if a logged-in session was leaked, it still wouldn't work
        realm.deactivated = False
        realm.save()
        self.login(self.example_email("hamlet"))
        realm.deactivated = True
        realm.save()

        result = self.client_post("/json/messages", {"type": "private",
                                                     "content": "Test message",
                                                     "client": "test suite",
                                                     "to": self.example_email("othello")})
        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, "has been deactivated", status_code=400)

        result = self.api_post(self.example_email("hamlet"),
                               "/api/v1/messages", {"type": "private",
                                                    "content": "Test message",
                                                    "client": "test suite",
                                                    "to": self.example_email("othello")})
        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, "has been deactivated", status_code=401)

    def test_fetch_api_key_deactivated_realm(self) -> None:
        """
        authenticated_json_view views fail in a deactivated realm

        """
        realm = get_realm("zulip")
        user_profile = self.example_user('hamlet')
        email = user_profile.email
        test_password = "abcd1234"
        user_profile.set_password(test_password)

        self.login(email)
        realm.deactivated = True
        realm.save()
        result = self.client_post("/json/fetch_api_key", {"password": test_password})
        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, "has been deactivated", status_code=400)

    def test_webhook_deactivated_realm(self) -> None:
        """
        Using a webhook while in a deactivated realm fails

        """
        do_deactivate_realm(get_realm("zulip"))
        user_profile = self.example_user("hamlet")
        api_key = get_api_key(user_profile)
        url = "/api/v1/external/jira?api_key=%s&stream=jira_custom" % (api_key,)
        data = self.webhook_fixture_data('jira', 'created_v2')
        result = self.client_post(url, data,
                                  content_type="application/json")
        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, "has been deactivated", status_code=400)

class LoginRequiredTest(ZulipTestCase):
    def test_login_required(self) -> None:
        """
        Verifies the zulip_login_required decorator blocks deactivated users.
        """
        user_profile = self.example_user('hamlet')
        email = user_profile.email

        # Verify fails if logged-out
        result = self.client_get('/accounts/accept_terms/')
        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)

        # Verify succeeds once logged-in
        self.login(email)
        result = self.client_get('/accounts/accept_terms/')
        self.assert_in_response("I agree to the", result)

        # Verify fails if user deactivated (with session still valid)
        user_profile.is_active = False
        user_profile.save()
        result = self.client_get('/accounts/accept_terms/')
        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)

        # Verify succeeds if user reactivated
        do_reactivate_user(user_profile)
        self.login(email)
        result = self.client_get('/accounts/accept_terms/')
        self.assert_in_response("I agree to the", result)

        # Verify fails if realm deactivated
        user_profile.realm.deactivated = True
        user_profile.realm.save()
        result = self.client_get('/accounts/accept_terms/')
        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)

class FetchAPIKeyTest(ZulipTestCase):
    def test_fetch_api_key_success(self) -> None:
        email = self.example_email("cordelia")

        self.login(email)
        result = self.client_post("/json/fetch_api_key", {"password": initial_password(email)})
        self.assert_json_success(result)

    def test_fetch_api_key_wrong_password(self) -> None:
        email = self.example_email("cordelia")

        self.login(email)
        result = self.client_post("/json/fetch_api_key", {"password": "wrong_password"})
        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, "password is incorrect")

class InactiveUserTest(ZulipTestCase):
    def test_send_deactivated_user(self) -> None:
        """
        rest_dispatch rejects requests from deactivated users, both /json and api

        """
        user_profile = self.example_user('hamlet')
        email = user_profile.email
        self.login(email)
        do_deactivate_user(user_profile)

        result = self.client_post("/json/messages", {"type": "private",
                                                     "content": "Test message",
                                                     "client": "test suite",
                                                     "to": self.example_email("othello")})
        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, "Not logged in", status_code=401)

        # Even if a logged-in session was leaked, it still wouldn't work
        do_reactivate_user(user_profile)
        self.login(email)
        user_profile.is_active = False
        user_profile.save()

        result = self.client_post("/json/messages", {"type": "private",
                                                     "content": "Test message",
                                                     "client": "test suite",
                                                     "to": self.example_email("othello")})
        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, "Account is deactivated", status_code=400)

        result = self.api_post(self.example_email("hamlet"),
                               "/api/v1/messages", {"type": "private",
                                                    "content": "Test message",
                                                    "client": "test suite",
                                                    "to": self.example_email("othello")})
        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, "Account is deactivated", status_code=401)

    def test_fetch_api_key_deactivated_user(self) -> None:
        """
        authenticated_json_view views fail with a deactivated user

        """
        user_profile = self.example_user('hamlet')
        email = user_profile.email
        test_password = "abcd1234"
        user_profile.set_password(test_password)
        user_profile.save()

        self.login(email, password=test_password)
        user_profile.is_active = False
        user_profile.save()
        result = self.client_post("/json/fetch_api_key", {"password": test_password})
        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, "Account is deactivated", status_code=400)

    def test_login_deactivated_user(self) -> None:
        """
        logging in fails with an inactive user

        """
        user_profile = self.example_user('hamlet')
        do_deactivate_user(user_profile)

        result = self.login_with_return(self.example_email("hamlet"))
        self.assert_in_response(
            "Your account is no longer active.",
            result)

    def test_login_deactivated_mirror_dummy(self) -> None:
        """
        logging in fails with an inactive user

        """
        user_profile = self.example_user('hamlet')
        user_profile.is_mirror_dummy = True
        user_profile.save()

        password = initial_password(user_profile.email)
        request = mock.MagicMock()
        request.get_host.return_value = 'zulip.testserver'

        # Test a mirror-dummy active user.
        form = OurAuthenticationForm(request,
                                     data={'username': user_profile.email,
                                           'password': password})
        with self.settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=('zproject.backends.EmailAuthBackend',)):
            self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())

        # Test a mirror-dummy deactivated user.
        do_deactivate_user(user_profile)
        user_profile.save()

        form = OurAuthenticationForm(request,
                                     data={'username': user_profile.email,
                                           'password': password})
        with self.settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=('zproject.backends.EmailAuthBackend',)):
            self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
            self.assertIn("Please enter a correct email", str(form.errors))

        # Test a non-mirror-dummy deactivated user.
        user_profile.is_mirror_dummy = False
        user_profile.save()

        form = OurAuthenticationForm(request,
                                     data={'username': user_profile.email,
                                           'password': password})
        with self.settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=('zproject.backends.EmailAuthBackend',)):
            self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
            self.assertIn("Your account is no longer active", str(form.errors))

    def test_webhook_deactivated_user(self) -> None:
        """
        Deactivated users can't use webhooks

        """
        user_profile = self.example_user('hamlet')
        do_deactivate_user(user_profile)

        api_key = get_api_key(user_profile)
        url = "/api/v1/external/jira?api_key=%s&stream=jira_custom" % (api_key,)
        data = self.webhook_fixture_data('jira', 'created_v2')
        result = self.client_post(url, data,
                                  content_type="application/json")
        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, "Account is deactivated", status_code=400)


class TestIncomingWebhookBot(ZulipTestCase):
    def setUp(self) -> None:
        zulip_realm = get_realm('zulip')
        self.webhook_bot = get_user('webhook-bot@zulip.com', zulip_realm)

    def test_webhook_bot_permissions(self) -> None:
        result = self.api_post("webhook-bot@zulip.com",
                               "/api/v1/messages", {"type": "private",
                                                    "content": "Test message",
                                                    "client": "test suite",
                                                    "to": self.example_email("othello")})
        self.assert_json_success(result)
        post_params = {"anchor": 1, "num_before": 1, "num_after": 1}
        result = self.api_get("webhook-bot@zulip.com", "/api/v1/messages", dict(post_params))
        self.assert_json_error(result, 'This API is not available to incoming webhook bots.',
                               status_code=401)

class TestValidateApiKey(ZulipTestCase):
    def setUp(self) -> None:
        zulip_realm = get_realm('zulip')
        self.webhook_bot = get_user('webhook-bot@zulip.com', zulip_realm)
        self.default_bot = get_user('default-bot@zulip.com', zulip_realm)

    def test_validate_api_key_if_profile_does_not_exist(self) -> None:
        with self.assertRaises(JsonableError):
            validate_api_key(HostRequestMock(), 'email@doesnotexist.com', 'api_key')

    def test_validate_api_key_if_api_key_does_not_match_profile_api_key(self) -> None:
        with self.assertRaises(JsonableError):
            validate_api_key(HostRequestMock(), self.webhook_bot.email, 'not_32_length')

        with self.assertRaises(JsonableError):
            # We use default_bot's key but webhook_bot's email address to test
            # the logic when an API key is passed and it doesn't belong to the
            # user whose email address has been provided.
            api_key = get_api_key(self.default_bot)
            validate_api_key(HostRequestMock(), self.webhook_bot.email, api_key)

    def test_validate_api_key_if_profile_is_not_active(self) -> None:
        self._change_is_active_field(self.default_bot, False)
        with self.assertRaises(JsonableError):
            api_key = get_api_key(self.default_bot)
            validate_api_key(HostRequestMock(), self.default_bot.email, api_key)
        self._change_is_active_field(self.default_bot, True)

    def test_validate_api_key_if_profile_is_incoming_webhook_and_is_webhook_is_unset(self) -> None:
        with self.assertRaises(JsonableError):
            api_key = get_api_key(self.webhook_bot)
            validate_api_key(HostRequestMock(), self.webhook_bot.email, api_key)

    def test_validate_api_key_if_profile_is_incoming_webhook_and_is_webhook_is_set(self) -> None:
        api_key = get_api_key(self.webhook_bot)
        profile = validate_api_key(HostRequestMock(host="zulip.testserver"),
                                   self.webhook_bot.email, api_key,
                                   is_webhook=True)
        self.assertEqual(profile.id, self.webhook_bot.id)

    def test_validate_api_key_if_email_is_case_insensitive(self) -> None:
        api_key = get_api_key(self.default_bot)
        profile = validate_api_key(HostRequestMock(host="zulip.testserver"), self.default_bot.email.upper(), api_key)
        self.assertEqual(profile.id, self.default_bot.id)

    def test_valid_api_key_if_user_is_on_wrong_subdomain(self) -> None:
        with self.settings(RUNNING_INSIDE_TORNADO=False):
            api_key = get_api_key(self.default_bot)
            with mock.patch('logging.warning') as mock_warning:
                with self.assertRaisesRegex(JsonableError,
                                            "Account is not associated with this subdomain"):
                    validate_api_key(HostRequestMock(host=settings.EXTERNAL_HOST),
                                     self.default_bot.email, api_key)

                mock_warning.assert_called_with(
                    "User {} ({}) attempted to access API on wrong "
                    "subdomain ({})".format(self.default_bot.email, 'zulip', ''))

            with mock.patch('logging.warning') as mock_warning:
                with self.assertRaisesRegex(JsonableError,
                                            "Account is not associated with this subdomain"):
                    validate_api_key(HostRequestMock(host='acme.' + settings.EXTERNAL_HOST),
                                     self.default_bot.email, api_key)

                mock_warning.assert_called_with(
                    "User {} ({}) attempted to access API on wrong "
                    "subdomain ({})".format(self.default_bot.email, 'zulip', 'acme'))

    def _change_is_active_field(self, profile: UserProfile, value: bool) -> None:
        profile.is_active = value
        profile.save()

class TestInternalNotifyView(TestCase):
    BORING_RESULT = 'boring'

    class Request:
        def __init__(self, POST: Dict[str, Any], META: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
            self.POST = POST
            self.META = META
            self.method = 'POST'

    def internal_notify(self, is_tornado: bool, req: HttpRequest) -> HttpResponse:
        boring_view = lambda req: self.BORING_RESULT
        return internal_notify_view(is_tornado)(boring_view)(req)

    def test_valid_internal_requests(self) -> None:
        secret = 'random'
        req = self.Request(
            POST=dict(secret=secret),
            META=dict(REMOTE_ADDR='127.0.0.1'),
        )  # type: HttpRequest

        with self.settings(SHARED_SECRET=secret):
            self.assertTrue(authenticate_notify(req))
            self.assertEqual(self.internal_notify(False, req), self.BORING_RESULT)
            self.assertEqual(req._email, 'internal')

            with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
                self.internal_notify(True, req)

        req._tornado_handler = 'set'
        with self.settings(SHARED_SECRET=secret):
            self.assertTrue(authenticate_notify(req))
            self.assertEqual(self.internal_notify(True, req), self.BORING_RESULT)
            self.assertEqual(req._email, 'internal')

            with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
                self.internal_notify(False, req)

    def test_internal_requests_with_broken_secret(self) -> None:
        secret = 'random'
        req = self.Request(
            POST=dict(secret=secret),
            META=dict(REMOTE_ADDR='127.0.0.1'),
        )

        with self.settings(SHARED_SECRET='broken'):
            self.assertFalse(authenticate_notify(req))
            self.assertEqual(self.internal_notify(True, req).status_code, 403)

    def test_external_requests(self) -> None:
        secret = 'random'
        req = self.Request(
            POST=dict(secret=secret),
            META=dict(REMOTE_ADDR='3.3.3.3'),
        )

        with self.settings(SHARED_SECRET=secret):
            self.assertFalse(authenticate_notify(req))
            self.assertEqual(self.internal_notify(True, req).status_code, 403)

    def test_is_local_address(self) -> None:
        self.assertTrue(is_local_addr('127.0.0.1'))
        self.assertTrue(is_local_addr('::1'))
        self.assertFalse(is_local_addr('42.43.44.45'))

class TestHumanUsersOnlyDecorator(ZulipTestCase):
    def test_human_only_endpoints(self) -> None:
        post_endpoints = [
            "/api/v1/users/me/apns_device_token",
            "/api/v1/users/me/android_gcm_reg_id",
            "/api/v1/users/me/enter-sends",
            "/api/v1/users/me/hotspots",
            "/api/v1/users/me/presence",
            "/api/v1/users/me/tutorial_status",
            "/api/v1/report/error",
            "/api/v1/report/send_times",
            "/api/v1/report/narrow_times",
            "/api/v1/report/unnarrow_times",
        ]
        for endpoint in post_endpoints:
            result = self.api_post('default-bot@zulip.com', endpoint)
            self.assert_json_error(result, "This endpoint does not accept bot requests.")

        patch_endpoints = [
            "/api/v1/settings",
            "/api/v1/settings/display",
            "/api/v1/settings/notifications",
            "/api/v1/users/me/profile_data"
        ]
        for endpoint in patch_endpoints:
            result = self.api_patch('default-bot@zulip.com', endpoint)
            self.assert_json_error(result, "This endpoint does not accept bot requests.")

        delete_endpoints = [
            "/api/v1/users/me/apns_device_token",
            "/api/v1/users/me/android_gcm_reg_id",
        ]
        for endpoint in delete_endpoints:
            result = self.api_delete('default-bot@zulip.com', endpoint)
            self.assert_json_error(result, "This endpoint does not accept bot requests.")

class TestAuthenticatedJsonPostViewDecorator(ZulipTestCase):
    def test_authenticated_json_post_view_if_everything_is_correct(self) -> None:
        user_email = self.example_email('hamlet')
        user_realm = get_realm('zulip')
        self._login(user_email, user_realm)
        response = self._do_test(user_email)
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)

    def test_authenticated_json_post_view_with_get_request(self) -> None:
        user_email = self.example_email('hamlet')
        user_realm = get_realm('zulip')
        self._login(user_email, user_realm)
        with mock.patch('logging.warning') as mock_warning:
            result = self.client_get(r'/json/subscriptions/exists', {'stream': 'Verona'})
            self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 405)
            mock_warning.assert_called_once()  # Check we logged the Mock Not Allowed
            self.assertEqual(mock_warning.call_args_list[0][0],
                             ('Method Not Allowed (%s): %s', 'GET', '/json/subscriptions/exists'))

    def test_authenticated_json_post_view_if_subdomain_is_invalid(self) -> None:
        user_email = self.example_email('hamlet')
        user_realm = get_realm('zulip')
        self._login(user_email, user_realm)
        with mock.patch('logging.warning') as mock_warning, \
                mock.patch('zerver.decorator.get_subdomain', return_value=''):
            self.assert_json_error_contains(self._do_test(user_email),
                                            "Account is not associated with this "
                                            "subdomain")
            mock_warning.assert_called_with(
                "User {} ({}) attempted to access API on wrong "
                "subdomain ({})".format(user_email, 'zulip', ''))

        with mock.patch('logging.warning') as mock_warning, \
                mock.patch('zerver.decorator.get_subdomain', return_value='acme'):
            self.assert_json_error_contains(self._do_test(user_email),
                                            "Account is not associated with this "
                                            "subdomain")
            mock_warning.assert_called_with(
                "User {} ({}) attempted to access API on wrong "
                "subdomain ({})".format(user_email, 'zulip', 'acme'))

    def test_authenticated_json_post_view_if_user_is_incoming_webhook(self) -> None:
        user_email = 'webhook-bot@zulip.com'
        user_realm = get_realm('zulip')
        self._login(user_email, user_realm, password="test")  # we set a password because user is a bot
        self.assert_json_error_contains(self._do_test(user_email), "Webhook bots can only access webhooks")

    def test_authenticated_json_post_view_if_user_is_not_active(self) -> None:
        user_email = self.example_email('hamlet')
        user_realm = get_realm('zulip')
        self._login(user_email, user_realm, password="test")
        # Get user_profile after _login so that we have the latest data.
        user_profile = get_user(user_email, user_realm)
        # we deactivate user manually because do_deactivate_user removes user session
        user_profile.is_active = False
        user_profile.save()
        self.assert_json_error_contains(self._do_test(user_email), "Account is deactivated")
        do_reactivate_user(user_profile)

    def test_authenticated_json_post_view_if_user_realm_is_deactivated(self) -> None:
        user_email = self.example_email('hamlet')
        user_realm = get_realm('zulip')
        user_profile = get_user(user_email, user_realm)
        self._login(user_email, user_realm)
        # we deactivate user's realm manually because do_deactivate_user removes user session
        user_profile.realm.deactivated = True
        user_profile.realm.save()
        self.assert_json_error_contains(self._do_test(user_email), "This organization has been deactivated")
        do_reactivate_realm(user_profile.realm)

    def _do_test(self, user_email: str) -> HttpResponse:
        stream_name = "stream name"
        self.common_subscribe_to_streams(user_email, [stream_name])
        data = {"password": initial_password(user_email), "stream": stream_name}
        return self.client_post(r'/json/subscriptions/exists', data)

    def _login(self, user_email: str, user_realm: Realm, password: str=None) -> None:
        if password:
            user_profile = get_user(user_email, user_realm)
            user_profile.set_password(password)
            user_profile.save()
        self.login(user_email, password)

class TestAuthenticatedJsonViewDecorator(ZulipTestCase):
    def test_authenticated_json_view_if_subdomain_is_invalid(self) -> None:
        user_email = self.example_email("hamlet")
        self.login(user_email)

        with mock.patch('logging.warning') as mock_warning, \
                mock.patch('zerver.decorator.get_subdomain', return_value=''):
            self.assert_json_error_contains(self._do_test(str(user_email)),
                                            "Account is not associated with this "
                                            "subdomain")
            mock_warning.assert_called_with(
                "User {} ({}) attempted to access API on wrong "
                "subdomain ({})".format(user_email, 'zulip', ''))

        with mock.patch('logging.warning') as mock_warning, \
                mock.patch('zerver.decorator.get_subdomain', return_value='acme'):
            self.assert_json_error_contains(self._do_test(str(user_email)),
                                            "Account is not associated with this "
                                            "subdomain")
            mock_warning.assert_called_with(
                "User {} ({}) attempted to access API on wrong "
                "subdomain ({})".format(user_email, 'zulip', 'acme'))

    def _do_test(self, user_email: str) -> HttpResponse:
        data = {"password": initial_password(user_email)}
        return self.client_post(r'/accounts/webathena_kerberos_login/', data)

class TestZulipLoginRequiredDecorator(ZulipTestCase):
    def test_zulip_login_required_if_subdomain_is_invalid(self) -> None:
        user_email = self.example_email("hamlet")
        self.login(user_email)

        with mock.patch('zerver.decorator.get_subdomain', return_value='zulip'):
            result = self.client_get('/accounts/accept_terms/')
            self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 200)

        with mock.patch('zerver.decorator.get_subdomain', return_value=''):
            result = self.client_get('/accounts/accept_terms/')
            self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)

        with mock.patch('zerver.decorator.get_subdomain', return_value='acme'):
            result = self.client_get('/accounts/accept_terms/')
            self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)

    def test_2fa_failure(self) -> None:
        @zulip_login_required
        def test_view(request: HttpRequest) -> HttpResponse:
            return HttpResponse('Success')

        request = HttpRequest()
        request.META['SERVER_NAME'] = 'localhost'
        request.META['SERVER_PORT'] = 80
        request.META['PATH_INFO'] = ''
        request.user = hamlet = self.example_user('hamlet')
        request.user.is_verified = lambda: False
        self.login(hamlet.email)
        request.session = self.client.session
        request.get_host = lambda: 'zulip.testserver'

        response = test_view(request)
        content = getattr(response, 'content')
        self.assertEqual(content.decode(), 'Success')

        with self.settings(TWO_FACTOR_AUTHENTICATION_ENABLED=True):
            request = HttpRequest()
            request.META['SERVER_NAME'] = 'localhost'
            request.META['SERVER_PORT'] = 80
            request.META['PATH_INFO'] = ''
            request.user = hamlet = self.example_user('hamlet')
            request.user.is_verified = lambda: False
            self.login(hamlet.email)
            request.session = self.client.session
            request.get_host = lambda: 'zulip.testserver'
            self.create_default_device(request.user)

            response = test_view(request)

            status_code = getattr(response, 'status_code')
            self.assertEqual(status_code, 302)

            url = getattr(response, 'url')
            response_url = url.split("?")[0]
            self.assertEqual(response_url, settings.HOME_NOT_LOGGED_IN)

    def test_2fa_success(self) -> None:
        @zulip_login_required
        def test_view(request: HttpRequest) -> HttpResponse:
            return HttpResponse('Success')

        with self.settings(TWO_FACTOR_AUTHENTICATION_ENABLED=True):
            request = HttpRequest()
            request.META['SERVER_NAME'] = 'localhost'
            request.META['SERVER_PORT'] = 80
            request.META['PATH_INFO'] = ''
            request.user = hamlet = self.example_user('hamlet')
            request.user.is_verified = lambda: True
            self.login(hamlet.email)
            request.session = self.client.session
            request.get_host = lambda: 'zulip.testserver'
            self.create_default_device(request.user)

            response = test_view(request)
            content = getattr(response, 'content')
            self.assertEqual(content.decode(), 'Success')

class TestRequireDecorators(ZulipTestCase):
    def test_require_server_admin_decorator(self) -> None:
        user_email = self.example_email('hamlet')
        user_realm = get_realm('zulip')
        self.login(user_email)

        result = self.client_get('/activity')
        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)

        user_profile = get_user(user_email, user_realm)
        user_profile.is_staff = True
        user_profile.save()

        result = self.client_get('/activity')
        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 200)

    def test_require_non_guest_user_decorator(self) -> None:
        guest_user = self.example_user('polonius')
        self.login(guest_user.email)
        result = self.common_subscribe_to_streams(guest_user.email, ["Denmark"])
        self.assert_json_error(result, "Not allowed for guest users")

    def test_require_non_guest_human_user_decorator(self) -> None:
        result = self.api_get("outgoing-webhook@zulip.com", '/api/v1/bots')
        self.assert_json_error(result, "This endpoint does not accept bot requests.")

        guest_user = self.example_user('polonius')
        self.login(guest_user.email)
        result = self.client_get('/json/bots')
        self.assert_json_error(result, "Not allowed for guest users")


class ReturnSuccessOnHeadRequestDecorator(ZulipTestCase):
    def test_returns_200_if_request_method_is_head(self) -> None:
        class HeadRequest:
            method = 'HEAD'

        request = HeadRequest()

        @return_success_on_head_request
        def test_function(request: HttpRequest) -> HttpResponse:
            return json_response(msg=u'from_test_function')  # nocoverage. isn't meant to be called

        response = test_function(request)
        self.assert_json_success(response)
        self.assertNotEqual(ujson.loads(response.content).get('msg'), u'from_test_function')

    def test_returns_normal_response_if_request_method_is_not_head(self) -> None:
            class HeadRequest:
                method = 'POST'

            request = HeadRequest()

            @return_success_on_head_request
            def test_function(request: HttpRequest) -> HttpResponse:
                return json_response(msg=u'from_test_function')

            response = test_function(request)
            self.assertEqual(ujson.loads(response.content).get('msg'), u'from_test_function')

class RestAPITest(ZulipTestCase):
    def test_method_not_allowed(self) -> None:
        self.login(self.example_email("hamlet"))
        result = self.client_patch('/json/users')
        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 405)
        self.assert_in_response('Method Not Allowed', result)

    def test_options_method(self) -> None:
        self.login(self.example_email("hamlet"))
        result = self.client_options('/json/users')
        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 204)
        self.assertEqual(str(result['Allow']), 'GET, POST')

        result = self.client_options('/json/streams/15')
        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 204)
        self.assertEqual(str(result['Allow']), 'DELETE, PATCH')

    def test_http_accept_redirect(self) -> None:
        result = self.client_get('/json/users',
                                 HTTP_ACCEPT='text/html')
        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
        self.assertTrue(result["Location"].endswith("/login/?next=/json/users"))

class CacheTestCase(ZulipTestCase):
    def test_cachify_basics(self) -> None:

        @cachify
        def add(w: Any, x: Any, y: Any, z: Any) -> Any:
            return w + x + y + z

        for i in range(2):
            self.assertEqual(add(1, 2, 4, 8), 15)
            self.assertEqual(add('a', 'b', 'c', 'd'), 'abcd')

    def test_cachify_is_per_call(self) -> None:

        def test_greetings(greeting: str) -> Tuple[List[str], List[str]]:

            result_log = []  # type: List[str]
            work_log = []  # type: List[str]

            @cachify
            def greet(first_name: str, last_name: str) -> str:
                msg = '%s %s %s' % (greeting, first_name, last_name)
                work_log.append(msg)
                return msg

            result_log.append(greet('alice', 'smith'))
            result_log.append(greet('bob', 'barker'))
            result_log.append(greet('alice', 'smith'))
            result_log.append(greet('cal', 'johnson'))

            return (work_log, result_log)

        work_log, result_log = test_greetings('hello')
        self.assertEqual(work_log, [
            'hello alice smith',
            'hello bob barker',
            'hello cal johnson',
        ])

        self.assertEqual(result_log, [
            'hello alice smith',
            'hello bob barker',
            'hello alice smith',
            'hello cal johnson',
        ])

        work_log, result_log = test_greetings('goodbye')
        self.assertEqual(work_log, [
            'goodbye alice smith',
            'goodbye bob barker',
            'goodbye cal johnson',
        ])

        self.assertEqual(result_log, [
            'goodbye alice smith',
            'goodbye bob barker',
            'goodbye alice smith',
            'goodbye cal johnson',
        ])

class TestUserAgentParsing(ZulipTestCase):
    def test_user_agent_parsing(self) -> None:
        """Test for our user agent parsing logic, using a large data set."""
        user_agents_parsed = defaultdict(int)  # type: Dict[str, int]
        user_agents_path = os.path.join(settings.DEPLOY_ROOT, "zerver/tests/fixtures/user_agents_unique")
        for line in open(user_agents_path).readlines():
            line = line.strip()
            match = re.match('^(?P<count>[0-9]+) "(?P<user_agent>.*)"$', line)
            self.assertIsNotNone(match)
            groupdict = match.groupdict()
            count = groupdict["count"]
            user_agent = groupdict["user_agent"]
            ret = parse_user_agent(user_agent)
            user_agents_parsed[ret["name"]] += int(count)


class TestIgnoreUnhashableLRUCache(ZulipTestCase):
    def test_cache_hit(self) -> None:
        @ignore_unhashable_lru_cache()
        def f(arg: Any) -> Any:
            return arg

        def get_cache_info() -> Tuple[int, int, int]:
            info = getattr(f, 'cache_info')()
            hits = getattr(info, 'hits')
            misses = getattr(info, 'misses')
            currsize = getattr(info, 'currsize')
            return hits, misses, currsize

        def clear_cache() -> None:
            getattr(f, 'cache_clear')()

        # Check hashable argument.
        result = f(1)
        hits, misses, currsize = get_cache_info()
        # First one should be a miss.
        self.assertEqual(hits, 0)
        self.assertEqual(misses, 1)
        self.assertEqual(currsize, 1)
        self.assertEqual(result, 1)

        result = f(1)
        hits, misses, currsize = get_cache_info()
        # Second one should be a hit.
        self.assertEqual(hits, 1)
        self.assertEqual(misses, 1)
        self.assertEqual(currsize, 1)
        self.assertEqual(result, 1)

        # Check unhashable argument.
        result = f([1])
        hits, misses, currsize = get_cache_info()
        # Cache should not be used.
        self.assertEqual(hits, 1)
        self.assertEqual(misses, 1)
        self.assertEqual(currsize, 1)
        self.assertEqual(result, [1])

        # Clear cache.
        clear_cache()
        hits, misses, currsize = get_cache_info()
        self.assertEqual(hits, 0)
        self.assertEqual(misses, 0)
        self.assertEqual(currsize, 0)